Chapter 8 - Female Reproductive System

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (1) OFUVVM

Ovaries

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (2) OFUVVM

Fallopian Tubes

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (3) OFUVVM

Uterus

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (4) OFUVVM

Vagina

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (5) OFUVVM

Vulva

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (6) OFUVVM

Mammary Glands

Ovaries Location

Two ovaries are located on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity

Ovaries Function

Production of estrogen and progesterone, which affect puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy

Fallopian Tubes Location

Laterally at superior angle from the uterus and has a pathway of ovum into uterus

Eimbria

Fingerlike projections that propel the ovum into the oviduct

Uterus

Muscular hollow, pear shaped structure suspended by ligaments in the pelvic cavity

Uterus Function

Housing and nourishing the embryo from implantation of the fertilized egg until birth

Mammary Glands

Glandular lobes located in the breast of females that have milk ducts, leads to opening in the nipple of the breast (more important post-birth)

Fertilization (1)

Ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube

Fertilization (2)

Takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum

Fertilization (3)

Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus)

Pregnancy

If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium

Placenta

Forms within the uterine wall and produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Amnion

Holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity

Mother→Fetus Exchange

Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother

Pregnancy (A)

Implantation in the uterus

Pregnancy (B)

Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

Progesterone

Maintains placenta development

Uterus ___ as fetus grows

Expands

Normal Delivery Fetal Position

Cephalic Presentation (Head First)

Gestation

Period from the fertilization of the ovum until birth

Parturition

Refers to the process of giving birth

1. Oophoro, Ovario

Ovary/Ovaries

2.Colpo, Vagino

Vagina

3. Hystero, utero

Uterus

Metro

Womb

Cervico

Cervix

Salpingo

Tube (fallopian or eustachian)

7. Mammo, Masto

breast

8. Vulvo, Episio

vulva

Nato

birth

Galacto

milk

Gyneco

woman/female

Meno

menstruation

13. -arche

beginning

14. -cyesis

pregnancy

15. -gravida

Pregnant woman

16. -para

To bear (offspring)

17. -salpinx

Tube (fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

18. -tocia

Childbirth, labor

Prenatal

Pertaining to the period before birth

Primigravida

Pregnant woman (for the) first time

Pseudocyesis

Pregnancy (that is) false

Salpingocele

Hernia(tion) or swelling of a fallopian tube

Dystocia

Bad, painful or difficult labor or childbirth

Multipara

To bear (offspring) many times

Cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

Amniocentesis

Surgical puncture of the amnion (amniotic sac)

Gynecologist

Specialist in the study of female (disorders)

Oophoroma

Tumor of an ovary

Hysteroscopy, ureteroscopy

Visual examination of the uterus

Vaginoplasty, Colpoplasty

Surgical repair of the vagina

Hysterocele

Herniation of the uterus

Perineorrhaphy

Suture of the perineum

Ectopic Pregnancy Signs and Symptoms (1)

Fertilized ovum implants and grows in places other than the uterine cavity (Common site is interior of the fallopian tube)

Ectopic Pregnancy Other Sites…

Ovary, wall of the uterus, or anywhere in the pelvic cavity

Ectopic Pregnancy Signs and Symptoms (2)

Abdominal pain and tenderness, as well as slight vaginal bleeding

Ectopic Pregnancy Signs and Symptoms (3)

Rupture of a fallopian tube is life threatening and may cause severe abdominal pain and intra-abdominal bleeding

Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment (1)

Laparotomy (saves the ovary) and a ruptured fallopian tube may require removal

Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment (2)

ALL attempts to SAVE Ovary and blood transfusion may be necessary in severe intra-abdominal bleeding or hypovolemic shock

Breast Cancer Signs and Symptoms

Swelling, lump, dimpling, retraction of nipple, discharge from nipple, and tenderness

Breast Cancer Advanced Signs and Symptoms

Nodularity, redness, edema, ulceration of skin, enlargement or shrinkage of breast

Breast Cancer is the…

Most common malignancy of women in the United States

Breast Cancer is associated with ____

Ovarian hormonal function

A ____-____ diet appears to increase the chances of breast cancer

High fat

Breast Cancer is from the possible use of _____

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) especially for prolonged periods of time

Breast Cancer Treatment

Lumpectomy, Mastectomy, Chemotherapy, Combo of Surgery; Radiation; Chemotherapy; Hormonal Therapy

Lumpectomy

Excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

Mastectomy

Excision of the entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)

Breast Cancer is also treated by…

Adjuvant chemotherapy may be indicated after surgery if malignant cells are found in lymph nodes

Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms (1)

Growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus (common in pelvic area)

Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms (2)

Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina

Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms (3)

Dyspareunia, dysuria, and sometimes, painful defecation

Curet

Instrument used to scrape the endometrium of the uterus during a D&C

Fistula

Abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels that do not normal connect

Gametes

Reproductive cells of the male and female that fuse during fertilization; in the female it is the ovum, and in the male, sperm

Gestation

Length of time from conception to birth; normally 36 weeks in humans

Retroversion

State of being turned back or a tipping, especially and organ, such as the uterus

Sterility

Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female

Laparoscopy

Visual examination of abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

Colposcopy

Examination of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a colposcope (used to detect signs of disease)

Hysterosalpingography

Radiography, and usually fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes, performed following injection of a contrast medium

Mammography

Radiography of the breast to detect tumors, cysts, and microcalcifications, and to locate a malignant lesion

Pap Test

Detects abnormal cells in cervix and vagina

Episiotomy

Incision of the vulva

Mammoplasty, mastoplasty

Surgical repair of the breast

Mastectomy

Excision or removal of the breast

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

Widening of cervical canal with a dilator by scraping the uterine endometrium with a serrated curet

D&C Cerclage

Sutures are used to close the cervix (helps prevent premature birth, chance of spontaneous abortion and sutures are removed before delivery)

Amniocentesis

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid

Subtotal Hysterectomy

Cervix Not Removed

Total Hysterectomy

Cervix Removed

Reconstructive Breast Surgery

Balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle or saline solution is gradually injected to increase size and expander is replaced with permanent implant

Transverse Rectus Abdominis Muscle (TRAM) flap

Surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from lower half of abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured in place

Topical Antifungals

Used to treat vaginal yeast infections and alter cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity (results in cellular death)