Pathology Exam 1

What kind of chromatin is pictured in these nuclei

euchromatin

What type of chromatin is tightly coiled and inactive

heterochromatin

What type of chromatin is loosely coiled and allows for active transcription to mRNA

euchromatin

What is the function of the nucleolus

rRNA synthesis

Where is the nucleolus

within the nucleus

Mitotically active or cancerous cells tend to have an abundance of which organelle

nucleolus

The nucleus is covered in a bilayered nuclear membrane with

pores

Why is it called the rough ER

it is covered in ribosomes

Function of the rough ER

protein synthesis

The basophilia of a cell’s cytoplasm is caused by the

rough ER

The smooth ER has NO

ribosomes

Function of the smooth ER

metabolizing steroids, lipids, carbohydrates, and glycogen

Function of the Golgi apparatus

synthesis and packaging of proteins for export out of the cell

The white circular area outside of the nucleus is what organelle

Golgi

Perinuclear clear zone is used to describe which organelle

Golgi

Which organelle plays roles in producing ATP, apoptosis, cell signaling, cell differentiation, and cell growth

Mitochondria

What kind of enzymes are found in lysosomes

hydrolytic

Function of lysosomes

Intracellular digestion

The structural network of a cell that helps in movement, cell division, and bicohemical pathways

cytoplasm

Microfilaments

facilitate cell motility

Intermediate filaments

provide physical strength to cells via junctional complexes

Microtubules

move organelles and vesicles within the cytosol and chromosomes

4 major mechanisms of cell injury

1. depletion of ATP

2. permeabilization of cell membranes

3. DNA damage

4. disruption of biochemical pathways

The most common and important cause of cell injury

hypoxia

DAMNITV is an acronym used to describe

causes of cell injury

Hypoxia

Deficiency of oxygen that reduces aerobic respiration but still allows for anaerobic glycolysis to occur

Ischemia

Interruption of blood flow that results in inadequate oxygenation, nutrient and substrate delivery to cells, and inadequate removal of waste affecting both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Short term solution to hypoxia

anaerobic glycolysis

ATP deficiency means that the Na/K pump is

impaired

Causes of hypoxia

1. cardiac/respiratory failure

2. reduced vascular perfusion

3. reduced oxygen transport by RBCs

4. Inhibition of respiratory enzymes

Reperfusion injury causes an increase in cell death after blood flow is restored due to

free radical formation

Intracellular calcium overload is associated with

cell membrane damage

Function of free radical scavengers

neutralize the free radical’s harmful effects on cells

Free radical scavengers

superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, ceruloplasmin, vitamin A, C, E

Reversible cell injury can either revert back to normal or cause

cellular adaptation

Irreversible cell injury leads to

cell death

1st response to cell injury

acute cell swelling

Causes of acute cell swelling

1. hypoxia

2. direct injury to cell membrane

3. damage to ion channels

4. binding of toxins

Appearance of acutely swollen cells

distinct cell borders and pale cytoplasm

Tissue with acute cell swelling is

heavier, pale

Cell swelling in parenchymal tissue

hydropic degeneration

Cell swelling in keratinocytes

ballooning degeneration

Cell swelling in astrocytes

cytotoxic edema

Do these cells look normal or abnormal

Abnormal due to their distinctive borders and pale cytoplasm

Which side of the image contains normal cells

left

Cell stress

altered physiologic state resulting from nonlethal injurious stimuli that disrupts homeostasis

Cell injury

alteration in cell structure or biochemical function resulting from some stress that EXCEEDS the ability of the cell to compensate through normal physiologic adaptive mechanisms

A cell is considered injured when

the adaptation is exceeded so that critical systems within the cell cannot maintain normal function

A cells response to stress and injury depends on

cell type, nature and intensity of injury, and metabolic state at the time of injury

When damage is reversible cells can become rapidly non-functional but remain

viable

What leads to an irreversible injury

longer duration or higher intensity injury

Histologic and morphologic changes can lag behind

functional change

What is the 1st manifestation of almost all forms of cellular injury

acute cellular swelling

Acute cellular swelling is associated with the failure of the

Na/K pump

Na/K pump failure with acute cellular