CL321 Final Exam

Lydia:

state in Asia minor conquered by the Persians -- sets in motion the conflict between the Persians and the Greeks.
Candales (ruler) killed by Gyges
Ruled by Gyges in 660
Later ruled by Croesus 560-546 BC - descendant of Gyges
Croesus conqered some of the greek cities on Asia minor's coast

Persia conquers Lydia

Croesus consults delphi before attacking Persia - "you will destory a mighty empire"
Croesus is defeated by King Cyrus of Persia
Greeks ruled by Lydia are placed under Persian rule when Persia conquers Lydia

Cyrus of Persia (Cyrus the great): 559-529

Ruled 559-529 Just ruler set up th satrapies system (satraps rule small provinces) Dies in 529, succeeded by Cambyses

Cambyses of Persia: 529-522

ruled from 529-522
invades and conquers egypt in 525
succession crisis following his death - Darius comes to power nextDa

Darius of Persia 521-486

Ruled 521-486
Forms a conspiracy with 6 buddies, take over and he asserts himself king
expands Persian power in many directions
Invades Thrace,
513 : Tries to invade Scythia (north of Thrace) -- but they keep running away -- chases them all over to conquer them -- unsuccessful

Ionian Revolt 499-494

Aristagoras (tyrant of Miletus) - put in charge of conquering Naxos by the Persian empire
Aristagoras takes his fleet from Darius and attacks Naxos & loses
Can't return to Darius with defeat - switches sides and raises a revolt
Aristagoras asks Sparta for help (too far of a journey)
Asks Athens for help (on case of saving the Ionians of Miletus) (yes)
Athens joins revolt in 499, Eretria (Euboeoa) joins too
Athens later abandons the revolt attempt
Lade : 497
Miletos: 494
Phrynichus: 493/2
Marathon: 490

Lade: 497

Athens and Eretria lose battle of Lade in 497
Persians surround and cut off supplies. Miletus loses its fleet

Miletus: 494

Persians surround and sack Miletus - loss for Miletus

Phrynichus 493/2

Phrnicus puts on a tradgey called the "destruction of miletus" - fined by the Athenians for perofrming it - reminded them of their backing out

Marathon 490

Hippias lands with the forces of Persia at Marathon
Athenians march out to fight , lest they be betrayed by someone inside the city
Send messenger Phydipides to Sparta to tell of the invading Persians
Spatans arrive too late to help but the Athenians get support from Plataia
Athens wins! Uses the moment to attack when Persians are reloading horses onto ships
Persians sail around to try and get to Athens, Athenian forces make it back beforehnd, repel them at home

Kallimachos

Polemarch during the battle of Marathon, killed during the BattleM

Miltiades

General at the battle of marathon (1/10)
gets credit for the success at Marathon after Kallimachos dies
Tyrant of Chersonese
When he returns to Athens, he is tried for being a tyrant, is acquitted

Shield symbol to the persians

When Persians tried to inavde Athens by sea, some say the Alkmeonids showed the persians a shield to say it was safe to land,
Alkmeonids (relatives of Hippias), peisistratids are ostracized

Archon election by lot 480's

Archons begin being elected by lot
for polemarch, this is a big deal since they command the military
strategia are formed - to prevent military catastropheS

Laurion mines 483/2

Athens discovers rich silver veins in Laurion in 483/2 -- silver becomes public property once tyrants are thrown out
Themistokles proposes the use of silver to build a super fleet (Perisans would not just go away)
Big navy built, Athens becomes biggest naval power

Death of Darius of Persia 486

After dying in 486, Darius passes his reign onto Xerxes, who leads the invasion into greece in 480
Death of Darius causes egypt to revolt, needs to be dealt with by Xerxes

Xerxes of Persia: 486-465

Ruled persia after Darius
Assembles a massive force to attack greece
When Darius died, Egypt revolted, Xerxes must deal with it
After, Xerxes attacks greece with a phoenician fleet (he had control over greek states of asia minor)
Greeks knew of impending attack - respond by building the hellenic league

Hellenic league:

Athens, Sparta, Sparta's allies and a few other states
30 poleis total
Greeks will never forget where you stand with/against Persia
Argos remains neutral
Thebes defects to Persia

Xerxes attacks greece

uses 1207 ships
Greek fleet had not enough
Storm destroys persia's ships! almost an even match
Sparta, in command of the hellenic league responds! S

Sparta's (HL) response to Xerxes' invasion

Control of land and sea is the game plan
Control sea using the fleet - prevent landing and drying boats
control land using infantry and fight in a constrcted area (limit the # of persians you will engage with)
Sparta selects the pass of Tempe to defend

Tempe

a pass near Thessaly to be defended by the Hellenic league against Xerxes. The thessalians were Medizers - can't be trusted
Greeks fall back to Thermopylae

Battle of Thermopylae: 480

Greek forces under command of Leonidas
Greek forces defend the pass successfully for a while
Ephialts of Malis goes to Persians and tells them of a back route
Persians get the upper hand
Leonidas, Thebans, and Thespians stay - the rest of the greeks are told to run
Leonidas wants to make sure Thebes and Thespus stay anti-persian (keep soldiers around to die to stir up anti-persian sentiment)
Greeks surrounded, pierced by arrows (Thebans beg for mercy)
Same time as a naval engagement - Battle of Artemision

Battle of Artemision 480:

Ends in a draw
greeks fall back to Salamis (off the coast of Attica)

Strategy at Salamis

Greek infantry meets the persian infantry at the isthmus
greek navy meets the persian navy at salamis
mirrors the 2 part engagement strategy of Thermopylae and Artemision

Themistokles' decree

Take 150 ships and sent them to Artemisium and keep 150 at Salamis
Shows Salamis was always a backup plan for the greeks in case something went wrong
even supported by an oracle reading, asked "what is the outcome at salamis?"

Themistokles' letter to Xerxes (bogus)

themistokles tricks persians - sends letter to Xerxes telling them the greeks will escape Salamis by night
Persians surround Salamis and stay up late to watch for an escape, greeks rest
Persians get tired, next day battle happens, greeks win!
Persian navy withdraws, leaves some infantry behind in Thebes

Battle of Plataia 479:

Sparta engages with Persians by land + Athens engages Thebans
Victory for the greeks
fought on same day as the battle of MycaleM

Battle of Mycale 479:

Navy battle between the greeks and persians off the coast of Asia minor
Same time as the battle of Plataia
Greeks win there too!
Ends the invasion of Xerxes

Sestos

Athens sails toward hellespont to destroy bridges persia used to get to greece -- persia already took them down
Athens sacks Sestos on the way
Xanthippos (father of Perikles) and leader of Sestos
Shows differene in Athens and Sparta
- Athens wants to expand
- Sparta wants to return home and ensure helots don't revolt

Pausanias

Spartan regent and commander
Returns to sparta after 478, someone spreads the rumor he communicated with Persia
Removed from command
Pausanias starts acting with hubris - maintains persian body guards, acts like persian king
Athens uses this as an excuse to take over the Hellenic League
Pausanias briefly returns to NE Aegean but is recalled to sparta (see collusion with Xerxes)

Pausanias and Xerxes

Pausanias would send letters to xerxes vai servant and they would be killed
Pausanias sends a message and a servant breaks the seal, sees he is to die, informs the spartan Ephors
Ephors come up with a plan to catch him

Ephors catch Pausanias

Ephors set up fake shack, servant becomes suppliant
Pausanias confronts his servant here, ephors hide inside and hear it all
Ephors try to seize Pausanias but he runs to temple and clings to the altar

Pausanias' fate

Ephors surround the temple Pausanias clings to
Take off the roof, watch him starve to death
remove the body before death to preserve sacred ground

Themistokles

Athens rebuilds their walls in 479/8 (sacked during Persian war)
Sparta doesn't want them having walls
Themistokles goes to sparta, buys time for walls to be done, tries to convince sparta no walls in Athens
Sparta hears from other citizens who saw that walls are being built
Themistokles: to sparta: "send men up there to see"
Themistokles: to athens: "when spartans arrive, don't let them leave"
finally tells ephors - "we have walls"
Implicated in the trials of Pausanias
on the run! ends up in Asia minor, becomes a retainer to king of Persia

Delian League 478/7

Athens forms a new league with hellenic league (not sparta) states with Athens at the helm
Non Dorian
Athens takes tribute (photos) from the allies
Athens stores the tribute at Delos, watched over by the Hellenotamiai

Hellenotamiai

Athenians who would guard and manage the treasure of the delian league on Delos

Phoros

tribute paid by members of the delian league to Athens

Sparta's issues at home (post persian war)

Helot revolt in 465/4
Tegea breaks off and forms their own league - sparta needs to battle to retain their territoryA

Actions of the Delian League 470's

Attack Eion (Expel persians)
Attack Skyros (expel pirates)
Attack Karystos (city in Euboeoa) - force them into alliance
Suppress Naxos from leaving Delian League in 467
Sparta did nothing concerning these actions - love Kimon and his son + had their own issues to worry about

Naxos revolution in 467

Naxos wants to leave the Delian league
Athens says no! Both sides go to war
Athens wins, tears down the walls, take their fleet, impose 30 talent tax

Kimon: 520-450

Perikles' greatest rival and son of Miltiades
Dominant political and military leader
present at Marathon, Salamis, Doremedon
Half brother collaborated with Persians
Had a son - Lakedaimonios - named after Sparta
prosecuted after the revolt of Thasos (465-463), acquitted
marched w/ 5000 hoplites to help Sparta w/ helot revolt (turned away)
ostracized for Sparta's turn away + success of Ephialtes' reforms 462/1
Returns to Athens 451/0, negotiates 5 years truce w/ Sparta
Dies in conflict with Persia in Cyprus 450

Helot revolt of 465/4

After Persian war, earthquake strikes Sparta, Helots revolt!
Sparta needed to stop the revolt
Same time, Thasos revolts against Athens & Delian league
Sparta appeals to Athens for aid
5000 hoplites + kimon march from athens to sparta to help
Spartans see Athenian aid and turn them away "we can handle this ourselves"
spartans see the Athenians "do-new things" "innovate" "tough"
- cause to pelop war?

Revolt of Thasos 465-463

Thasos revolts against Athens - wants control of its mines again
Athens says no, Kimon leads war against Thasos
Thasos sends message to Sparta, no aid
Thasos falls
walls taken down, fleet taken, 30 talent tax
Kimon put on trial after

Trial of kimon 463

Kimon put on trial by Perikles!
charged with taking a bribe not to attack macedon (he was close b but didn't! what stopped him?)
Acquitted in 463

Kimon's march to sparta 465/4

Kimon marched with 5000 hoplites to Sparta to help stop the helots
while there, Athenians vote to make alliance with Argos (Kimon can't stop it if he isn't there)
Kimon arrives too late and the alliance is made
Kimon is ostracized on return due to the popularity of Ephialtes' reforms
Athens dissolves alliance with sparta against persia, and makes alliance with Thessaly, and Argos (2 of the enemies of Sparta) - Big ANTI SPARTA ENERGY

Ephialtes' reforms 462/1:

Destroy the areopagus council and remove its powers: probouleusis, euthynai, dokimasia
All 3 processes had control over the magistrates
all 3 processes go to other organs of the state filled with middle class people
installs the Dikasteria
takes government to the height of democracy - installs power into the middle class as much as possible since whoever constrol thse powers contrls the courts, and whoever controls the citizenry

Probouleusis

The ability of the Areopagus council to put forth proposals to the assembly
Removed from council by Ephialtes' reforms in 462/1 and given to the middle class

Euthynai

Audits conducted by the Areopagus council where people in power are put on trial to show financial records.
Removed from council by Ephialtes' reforms in 462/1 and given to the middle class

Dokimasia

the Areopagus council's process of vetting people before office
removed from the council by Ephialtes' reforms in 462/1 and given to the middle class

Dikasteria

Courts of 100 or 500 or 1000 or 1500 people chosen by rnadom process to listen to trials, vote on guilt and punishment
installed and set up by Ephialtes' reforms of 462/1
Big moment of the people gaining power in the court

467 Ephialtes' Zeugitai reform

Allowed zeugitai to serve as Archons! big extension of the middle class-power and reducing the power of the wealthy

First peloponnesian war 460-454

Athens & allies vs Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes
Prizes were Megara and Aigina (both allies of sparta)
A war of Athenian aggression on sparta's interests

Athens invades egypt 460

Athens begins first pelop war by invading egypt in 460-454 for their gold, textiles, grain, cotton, etc. (their wealth)
sends 2/3 of their fleet over

Athens long walls 458

Athens sets up long walls around its harbor - allows or protection of ships, easy access to sea

Athens vs Sparta (Central greece) 458/7

Athenians march up to central greece to fight spartans and thebans
Athens lose!
Big dailure of democracy! everyone who voted to go fight were the soldiers who went out to fight them

62 days later, Athenians march up and fight Thebans (no sparta) and win at Oinophyta - demonstrated high amount of Athenian military aggression

Pentekontaetia 479-431

"The fifty years"
critical period written on by many historians (Thucydides, Herodotus, Ephoros, Diodoros Siculus)

Aigina 456

Athens takes Aigina (territory of Sparta) in 456

Athens and the Helot revolt 455

Athens indirectly solves the helot revolt in 455
Sparta is bad at beseiging - oracle advises them to stop and allow them to leave
Athens has a fleet nearby - Athens invites the helots on - plants them at Naupaktos (closest spot to Peloponnese without touching)

Naupaktos

Athens releases the helots from the spartans here - closes spot to Peloponnese without touching

Egypt 454

Athens loses their force in egypt in military disaster (2/3 of their original fleet! oh no!) - clear demonstration of Athens' hubris

Delian treasury 454/3 + tribute stele

Disaster in egypt makes Athens concerned - move treasury from Delos to Athens
Build tribute stele - column that named each ally and that they paid tribute at each named year - mostly blank (suggested Athens would be in charge for a while)

Kimon's return 451/0

Returns to Athens after serving his ostracism
asked to negotiate the treaty with sparta
Negotiates the 5 years truce

5 years truce 451/0

Treaty between Athens and Sparta during the first Peloponnesian war, negotiated by Kimon (just got back from ostracism)
allowed Athens to keep Aigina and Megara (both dorian states)
showed how little the spartans wanted to go to war
Athens resumes war with Persia - goes to battle them at Cyprus 450

Peace of Kallias

Treaty between Persia and Athens (found in Diodoros' writing)
if this is true, justification for delian league + tribute disappears
a deciding moment for Athens - "are we an empire or not?"
Not mentioned by Thucydides at all

Old view of Athenians:

Mild empire until 420's
supported by coinage decree (use our coinge system, convert your currency to ours at a loss of a bit) --- HARSH - under Kleon? 420s

Coinage decree

All memmbers of the Delian league were required to trade in Athenian currency , and local coin could be converted to Athenian coin at a loss of 3 drachma for every 100) --- harsh measure, under Kleon in 420's?

Episkopoi (DL)

Open spies or "overseers" sent out by Athens to go to the islands, record what was going on and make sure it aligned with Athens' interests

Cleruchies (DL)

Athenians take prime farmland and installed cleruchs on the land - maintained athenian citizenship and dodged local taxesL

Litigation (DL)

Athenian cases must be held by an Athenian court
To take a case against an Athenian, you needed to bring the case to Athens, where a jury of 100% Athenians would hear it
How much was travel for court even worth it? - limited the times athenians brought to trial by non-athenians

Oaths (DL)

Athenians forced new allies to swear an oath to Athenian interests, eventually forced to swear oaths of "love" for the city and the demos

Democracies (DL)

Athens would impose democracy on other states/allies of the DL, especially if they tried to revolt

Proxenoi (DL)

Official friends of Athens in a state, show the Athenians around, make them feel welcome
If anyone killed them, the killer prosecuted as if they killed an Athenian
Proxenoi hated in their local towns

Phrourarch (DL)

Athenians set up garrisons in DL allied states
Garrisons run by phrourarchW

Walls (DL)

Pulled down if a state revolted

Dikasteria payment 450's

Perikles proporses that citizens should be paid for their service on Jury from public funds
Payment for judges is proliferated (perikles is ripped on for suggesting too low wages)

Citizenship law of 451/0

To enjoy the benefits of citizenship, Perikles proposes you must have both an Athenian father and mother
- creates an idea of Athenian purity
- attacked aristocrats who married outside the city

citizenry law of 451/0 created obsessive desire to ensure the legitimacy of children

Building program of Perikles

Parthenon in 447
Propylaia (gates to the temple) 437
Extremely expensive and lavish (giant gold and ivory statue of Athena, detailed friezes, super tall)

Ostracism of Thucydides Melesiou 444/3

Suggested Perikles was going over the top with the building program and spending too much
ostraized for suggesting fiscal prudence

Thucydides 470-395

Greatest histirian of Athens
general in 424/3 -- failed to save Amphipolis
Son of Oloros (thracian name, Oloros came into family by marriage of Miltiades and daughter of Thracian king) -- tells us Thucy is related to Kimon
Exiled after military failure
wrote on the second Peloponnesian war of the 5th century
work continued by Xenophon

5 sections of Thucydides

1. Causes of the war and pre-history
2. First 10 years of the war (the Archimidian war)
3. Peace of Nicias
4. Athenians invasion Sicily
5. Everything after Sicilian Expedition

Thucy's strengths and unfinished work

Strengths: speeches - show distinct characteristics of people"i knew the main points, but couldn't give the verbatim account so I asked the speaker to talk about the main points" - compensates for bias

unfinished: treaties, changed his mind over certain things like his attitude toward Perikles and war's causes

Thucy's epitaphs

Perikles, Themistokles, Antiphon, Nikeas
in every case: someone did something bad, discreditable, foolish
but despite what you just read, let me tell you why this person is great

themes of thucy's work:

human nature (people do bad things)
states' characters: each state has certain ways of acting
brutality of power: power used by the people who have it, and not used in pleasant ways on those below them "the strong do what they can, the weak endure what they must"
positive attributes: negative consequences to positive attributes
Hope: people who put faith in hope see its comfort, but no protection
Motivation: fear, honor, self-interest
tragedy: life is tragic- bad things happen to good people, vice versa

how greeks treated non-citizens (wome, slaves, metics)

the greek culture is shaped around hoplite farmer citizens
citizenship passws through men to women ("citizen wife") - eligible to pass citizenship on
women in democracy cant vote, married young, administrators of the oikos
Thesmophoria and Panathenaia are ways of women engaging (bad and good respectively)

slaves had no voting power, and could not earn citizenship

Metics are "those who live with us"
Free individuals who move to another polis but not citizens
Metics needed to pay a special tax, serve in the military, can't own land and had to pay all of the regular taxes too
- eventually allowed Enktesis (allowed metics to own land) - made external business not move in

Thesmophoria

Wome who went out of their homes and campted outside of Athens for 3 days and nights, an act of rebellion

Panathenaia

big procession where Athenian citizen-women outside the process and honor Athena

aitiai

causes of the pelop war

diaphorai

differences of view/opinion

Thucy's first idea on the cause of the (second) pelop war

Unspoke, but the truest cause (prophasis) was that Athens grew strong and inspired fear in the spartans

thucy's prophasis - Corcyra & Corinth

Epidamnus, daughter city of Corcyra (granddaughter of Corinth) has civil war happening. Corinthans take one side, Corcyrans take another
Corcyra gets alliance with Athens (Athens already against Corinth in 1st pelop war)
Corinthians send ambassadors to Athens (Athens says no)
Athens provides fleet of defense to Corcyra (battle erupts between Corcyrans and corinthians (433) -- break treaty? no!

Athens' message to Potedaia

Athens sends message to Potedaia 433/2, expel Corinthians, Potedaia loses and has to pay tribute to Athenian empire

Thirty year's truce

Aggrement signed between Athens and Sparta in 446/445, bringing an end to the first peloponnesian war

Aigina 446/5

Athens does something to piss Aigina off, they message Sparta saying the treaty has been violated

Megara:

Athens sends messenger to megara saying they farmed on sacred land
Megara kills the messenge
Athens responds by declaring megara cannot use Athens' harbor and marketplace (or any harbor in the entire Athenian empire)
Athens just shuts down all of the trading
Megara petitions sparta for help against Athens

Sparta debates going to war (2nd pelop)

Archidamos (king of sparta) - war is long and nasty, and Athens has a strong navy + lots of money. Do we care about allies?
Sthenelaidas: let's vote based on if they are hurting our allies and broke the treaty
spartans agree to go to war - but do 1 year of diplomacy to start

Spartan attempts at diplomacy (2nd pelop war)

If you get rid of Megarian decree, we'll stop the war
throw out perikles and the accursed
Sparta marches to Athens in 431 for an embassy with Athens, they turn the spartans away

Perikles

won't concede to Sparta! poor leader according to Plato's comedy
Thucy treats him seriously (knows to say he is not a demagogue)
Figured out what he wanted, convinced the people of Athens to join him
A true statesman after his enemies are ostracized
Close with famous people (Damon - philosopher, Phiedias - artist of the acropolis, Anaxagoras - philosopher
"We the athenians are more ready to die to gain power than anyone else"

Plato on Perikles

appears in comey, demagogue and poor leader, thrown out by Athens
comedians make fun of his appearance, wife, etc

Thucy on Perikles

Treats him seriously until book 2, chapter 5, gives an epitaph where he says Peri figured out what he wanted and convinced the people to join him

Plutarch on Perikles

plutarch notes Peri rises to power using the people's money, proposing popular things (acting as a demogauge), pivots into a true statesman
made a pamphlet on his scandals though