unit 3 developmental and learning

behavioral perspective

learning through reinforcement

associative learning

learning by connecting events

habituation (non

associative learning

classical conditioning

learning through associations

unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

unconditioned response

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response

conditioned response

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

acquisition

initial learning of an association

extinction

process in which the conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a learned response after a pause

stimulus discrimination

telling different stimuli apart and reacting only to the one learned

stimulus generalization

Responding similarly to different but related stimuli

high order conditioning

when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus to become conditioned

counter conditioning

reversing a bad response by pairing it with a good one

taste aversion

avoiding food after feeling sick from it

one trial conditioning

learning after just one experience

biological preparedness

natural tendency to fear certain things

operant condition

learning through rewards and punishments

the law of effect

behaviors followed by good outcomes are repeated; bad outcomes make behaviors stop

reinforcement "repeat"

reinforcement encourages repeating a behavior

reinforcement discrimination

responding differently to various situations based on reinforcement

Reinforcement Generalization

reinforcing a behavior in different but similar situations

punishment "prevent"

punishment aims to prevent a behavior from happening again

positive reinforcement

adding something pleasant to encourage a behavior

negative reinforcement

removing something unpleasant to encourage a behavior

positive punishment

adding something unpleasant to stop a behavior

negative punishment

removing something pleasant to stop a behavior

shaping

gradually teaching a behavior by reinforcing small steps

instinctive drift

when animals revert to natural behaviors, despite training

superstitious behavior

believing actions cause unrelated outcomes

reinforcement schedules

rules for when to give rewards

fixed interval

reinforcement after a set amount of time

variable interval

reinforcement after random time intervals

fixed ratio

reinforcement after a set number of actions

variable ratio

reinforcement after a random number of actions

learned helplessness

believing you can't change a situation so you stop trying

social learning theory

learning by observing others

various conditioning

learning by watching others consequences

insight learning

learning that shows up later when needed

cognitive map

mental picture of a place or layout

developmental psychology

scientific study of how and why people change over the course of their life

nature and nurture

How do our genetic inheritance (nature) and our life experiences (nurture) interact to shape our development?

stability and change

helps us understand how and why people remain the same in some ways but also evolve and adapt in others as they go through different life stages

longitudinal research

studying the same individual over time

cross sectional research

studying different groups of people of various ages at the same point in time

prenatal development

process of growth and development within the womb starting from conception and continuing until birth

teratogens

harmful substances such as drugs, alcohol, or infections that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects

reflexes

automatic, instinctual responses that newborns are born with aiding in their survival

rooting reflex

automatic response in newborns where they turn their head toward a touch on the cheek, helps them locate and latch onto mothers breast for feeding

maturation

biological growth process that leads to orderly changes in behavior

developmental milestones

key skills or behaviors that most children achieve by specific ages such as walking, talking, and problem solving

sensitive period

time in early development when the brain is especially receptive to learning specific skills such as language or motor skills

visual cliff

experimental setup used to study depth perception in infants

puberty

physical and hormonal changes during adolescence

menopause

biological process marking the end of a woman's menstrual cycle, occurs around age 50

x chromosome

sex chromosome that both males and females have

y chromosome

sex chromosome found only in males

primary sex characteristics

reproductive organs and structures directly involved in reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

physical traits developed during puberty but not directly involved in reproduction

menarche

a girls first menstrual period signaling the beginning of puberty and ability to reproduce

spermarche

a boys first production of sperm, marking the start of puberty and ability to reproduce

gender roles

societal expectations and norms for behavior, attitude and activities

gender typing

the process by which children learn and adopt behaviors and interests considered appropriate for their gender according to cultural norms

authoritarian parenting style

parenting style with high expectations and rigid rules and limited warmth

permissive parenting style

parenting style with few rules, low expectations and show warmth and responsiveness

authoritative parenting style

high expectations with warmth and support

temperament

how children respond to their environment

imprinting

strong attachments formed to the first moving object they see shortly after birth or hatching

contact comfort

sense of security and emotional relief derived from physical touch

attachment styles

patterns of behavior that describe how children form emotional bonds with caregivers

secure attachment

children feel confident and trust that their caregiver will meet their needs

avoidant attachment

children show independence and avoid seeking comfort from their caregiver

anxious attachment

children are overly clingy and anxious about separation from their caregiver

disorganized attachment

inconsistent or confused behaviors towards a caregiver, usually resulting from trauma or abuse

adverse childhood experiences

traumatic events that occur before 18 and can have long term impacts on ones self

imaginary audience

individuals believes others are constantly watching and judging their behavior

personal fable

belief that one's experiences are unique and special

social identity

who one is based on their membership in social groups

identity diffusion

individuals have not yet explored or committed to life goals

identity foreclosure

individuals commit to goals or values without exploring alternatives

identity moratorium

individuals explore different life paths, not made a commitment, often leading to a period of uncertainty

identity achievement

individuals have explored various life paths and have a clear stable sense of self

schemas

helps individuals organize and interpret information by categorizing experiences based on prior knowledge

sensorimotor stage

first stage of piaget's stage (0

object permanence

objects continue to exist even when they cant be seen

preoperational stage

ages 2

parallel play

children play alongside each other without directly interacting

animism

children give life like qualities to objects

ego centrism

children struggle to see things from another persons point of view

theory of mind

ability to understand others have thoughts and feelings different from ones own

conservation

certain properties of objects remain consistent

reversibility

ability to reverse an action, understanding objects can be returned to their original state

formal operational stage

individuals develop the ability to think abstractly

fluid intelligence

capacity to reason and think abstractly without relying on prior knowledge

dementia

decline in cognitive functioning, memory loss due to old age

critical period

specific time frame in early childhood where the brain is most receptive to learning language

phonemes

smallest distinct units of sound in a language that can change the meaning of the word

morphemes

prefixes, suffixes, and root words

semantics

study of meaning in language, focusing on how words, phrases, and sentences convey meaning