\________ and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped at different scales.
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Long lot patterns
\________ have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind.
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Three types of regions
formal, functional, and vernacular
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place
A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places
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sequent occupancy
the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history
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relative scale/scale of analysis
the level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination
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formal regions
areas of space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity
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functional/nodal regions
areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin
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vernacular regions
An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity
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absolute location
a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude
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relative location
the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature
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site
the physical characteristics of a place
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situation
the place’s interrelatedness with other places
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distance decay
the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place
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friction of distance
movement incurs some form of cost, in the form of physical effort, energy, time; costs are proportional to the distance traveled
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Space-Time Compression
refers to the set of processes (new tech, communication) that cause the relative distances between places to grow smaller.
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core and periphery relationships
dominant capitalist countries that exploit smaller countries for labor and raw materials; smaller countries are dependent on dominant country for capital and have underdeveloped industry.
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cluster
things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface
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scattered pattern
objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed
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linear pattern
straight line
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sinous pattern
wavy line
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mental map
the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind
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large-scale map
Zoomed in map; more detail
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small-scale map
Zoomed out map; less detail
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Thematic Maps
Show data; thematic map displays spatial patterns and relationships between them (choropleth maps)
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
system that incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
system that utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal; shows exactly where you are
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political regions
boundaries are finite and well-defined (country)
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spatial analysis
the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns
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choropleth map
a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations
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isoline map
calculates data values between points across a variable surface (color blending)
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dot density map
uses dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature
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flow-line map
uses lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern
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cartograms
distorts size based on value of variable
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map projection
creates different levels of accuracy in terms of size and shape distortion for different parts of the Earth
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Robinson projection
Most used map projection with curved edges, distorts all parts of globe, not useful for navigation.
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aerial photographs
images of the Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase
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remote-sensing satellites
use a computerized scanner from satellitesGloba to record data from the Earth’s surface (remote areas)
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Goode’s homolosine projection
map projection that cuts out pieces of world, keeps accurate size, not useful for navigation.
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Mercator Projection
map projection that distorts poles of the globe, map of Europe looks more powerful
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Relative Distance
Direction that can be described as a position (left)
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Absolute Distance
Direction that can be measured with standard units of length
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Reference Map
Map that shows geographical data, oceans, cities, borders, roads, ect
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Spatial Patterns
The placement of objects on Earth’s surface and the space between the objects
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Globalization
how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
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Interdependence
dependent on one another in some way
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Culture Ecology
The study of interactions between societies and their local environments
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Environmental Determinism
theory that environment causes social development or the idea that natural environment influences people
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Environmental Possibilism
theory that people can adjust or overcome an environment.
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Local Scale
city, town county, neighborhood
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Sub-national Regional
Smaller parts of a nation (states, provinces)
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National
Comparing Countries
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Regional
Comparing Regions (North America ect)
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Global
Comparing whole globe, usually no borders
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Males
\________ are always on the left of the pyramid and females are on the right.
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death rates
Birth and \________ converge to result in limited population growth and population decline.
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Negative RNI
\________ means the population has shrunk.
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phase of development
The \________ is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline.
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Population growth involves two main concepts
rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation
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high birth rates
rural agricultural Third-World countries
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low birth rates
urbanized industrial and service-based economies
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ex
total number of infants born living is counted for one calendar year and then calculated
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CBR
Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
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high death rates
a country that is experiencing war, disease, or famine, such as poor Third-World countries experiencing poverty, poor nutrition, epidemic disease, and a lack of medical care
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Green Revolution
(increased food and nutrition) and access to sanitation, education, and health care
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CDR
Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000
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reduced fecundity
when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children
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Ex
a country with a high rate of natural increase can have an unexpectedly low long-term population prediction if there is a large amount of emigration
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Doubling Time
how long it would take for a country to double in size
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formula
70Rate of Natural Increase
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To estimate the RNI for each year in the future by examining a countrys position
(Pop
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Net Migration Rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative
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Population Growth Percentage Rate \= (Birth Rate
Death Rate) + Net Migration Rate/10%
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formula
Number of Children Born/Women Aged 15 to 45
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ex
we can estimate a population projection that the planets population has reached only about two-thirds of its potential
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ex
an animal population that receives a vast amount of food or removes predators from their habitat will result rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to a population reaching or exceeding the areas carrying capacity
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result
little population growth until the later part of stage one when death rates begin to decline; RNI is generally low or negative
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ex
in the United States, services are 80 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and manufacturing is only 20 percent
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Zero population growth (ZPG) (RNI of 0.0 percent)
birth rates reach the same level as death rates
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interregional, or internal, migrants
those who move from one region of the country to another
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transnational migration
occurs when migrants move from one country to another
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forced migration
people may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement
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undocumented immigrants
people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization
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amnesty programs
allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
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step migration
occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
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chain migration
occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold
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life-course changes
when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives**
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birth rate; natality
the crude birth rate (CBR) and an annual statistic
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crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
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death rate; mortality
the crude death rate (CDR) and an annual statistic calculated in the same way as the birth rate
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green revolution
increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education, and health care
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crude death rate (CDR)
Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000
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rate of natural increase (RNI); natural increase rate (NIR)
the annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period
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Birth Rate - Death Rate/10%
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negative RNI
population shrinkage
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reduced fecundity
when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children
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doubling time
how long it would take for a country to double in size
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Net Migration Rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative
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Total fertility rate (TFR)
the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45)
Studied by 1 person
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Flashcard (37)