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What are the three layers of the meninges?
dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
Describe the dura mater
layer of matter softer than the skull and acts as a bag but does not tightly grip the brain and spinal cord
encloses the brain and spinal cord in a loose sac
Describe the arachnoid membrane
A layer with spider web like quality that clings directly to the brain
ultrathin layer of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain’s contours
Describe the pia mater
The thinner/more delicate layer directly attached to the brain
moderately tough membrane of connective tissue that clings to the brain’s surface
What is the subarachnoid space?
The space between the brain is filled with CSF
What is the importance of CSF?
cushions the brain so that it can move or expand slightly without pressing on the skullÂ
What is encephalitis?
Infection of the brain caused by a number of different viruses or microorganisms
What is the gyrus?
Bumps on the brain’s surface
What is the cerebral cortex?
The brain’s outer layer
What are sulci?
cracks on the brain’s surface
what are longitudinal fissures?
fissures that run from anterior to posterior and separates left and right hemispheres
What are lateral fissures?
Fissures that run along the sides of the brains
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
What are central fissures?
Separates the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes
What are the cerebral arteries?
arteries that feed blood to the brain
emerge from the neck and wrap around the outside of the brainstem, cerebrum, and cerebellum finally penetrating the brain’s surface
What are the there major arteries that send blood to the brain?
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): irrigates the anterior portion of the brain
Middle cerebral artery (MCA): irrigates the middle of the brain, slightly in the frontal , parietal, and much of the occipital lobe
Posterior cerebral artery (PSA): extensive branching to irrigate the temporal and occipital lobe
What is gray matter composed of?
predominantly composed of cell bodies and blood vesselsÂ
What is the function of neurons within gray matter?
these neurons collect and modify information before sending it along
What is white matter composed of?
predominantly composed of axons, nerve fibers covered by myelin sheaths
gray matter surrounds white matter in the _____
brain
White matter surrounds gray matter in the ______
spinal cord
What is the function of white matter?
forms long distance connections between and among some of the brain’s neurons
what are the lateral ventricles?
two wing shaped cavities that contain CSF
what is the choroid plexus?
A network of blood vessels that line the ventricles and produce the CSF that fills the four ventricles
What is the corpus callosum?
the major area of white matter connecting the two hemispheres using nerve fibers
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
Allows the two hemispheres to communicate
What is a tract?
A connection of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord
What is a nerve?
A bundle of fibers outside the CNS
Where is CSF created?
Created in the ventricles
What is the function of CSF?
Suspends the brain making it buoyant so that it allows the mass of the brain to seemingly be reduced by 1/3rd
also absorbs shock
has regulated chemical content to provide an optimal environment for the brain to function
What are the four component parts of the corpus callosum?
Splenium
body: majority of the corpus
genu: the region that bends
rostrum: the region found beneath the genu
What is the function of the brainstem?
it recieves afferent signals from the body and sends efferent signals out to the spinal cord
responsible for most life sustaining behavior
What are the four components of the hindbrain?
pons
medulla
cerebellum
reticular formation
What is the function of the hindbrain?
Controls motor functions
What is the reticular formation?
A net like mixture of gray and white matter with nuclei that function in stimulating the forebrain
What is the function of the medulla?
Regulates essentials such as heart rate and breathing and contains structures that control many vital functions
What is the most distinctive feature of the hindbrain?
cerebellum
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Primarily muscle control including balance and movement
also plays a role in cognitive functions
What are the functions of the pons?
Acts as a relay station: a system that carries messages from the brain and spinal cord back and forth
contains structures that control many vital functions
What are the two major regions of the midbrain?
tectum
tegmentum
What are the two components of the tectum?
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
handles visual information processing coming from the optic nerve
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
handles auditory information processing coming from the auditory pathways
What kind of information does the tectum process?
Sensory information
What kind of information does the tegmentum process?
Motor information
What is the periaqueductal gray matter?
gray matter made up of cell bodies that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
What is the function of red nucleus?
controls limb movements
involved in motor movement but not directly
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
nuclei involved in motor movements particularly walking
What are the two components of the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
What is the function of the diencephalon?
integrate sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex
What is the function of the thalamus?
organizes and integrates sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex from all sensory systems
recieves information then sends it to the correct area of the spinal nerve or cortex
What is the major function of the hypothalamus?
plays a key role in regulating hormones in the pituitary gland and ensures the correct levels of hormones and the correct feedback loops