Psych 255-lecture 3

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51 Terms

1
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What are the three layers of the meninges?

  • dura mater

  • arachnoid membrane

  • pia mater

2
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Describe the dura mater

layer of matter softer than the skull and acts as a bag but does not tightly grip the brain and spinal cord

  • encloses the brain and spinal cord in a loose sac

3
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Describe the arachnoid membrane

A layer with spider web like quality that clings directly to the brain

  • ultrathin layer of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain’s contours

4
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Describe the pia mater

The thinner/more delicate layer directly attached to the brain

  • moderately tough membrane of connective tissue that clings to the brain’s surface

5
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What is the subarachnoid space?

The space between the brain is filled with CSF

6
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What is the importance of CSF?

cushions the brain so that it can move or expand slightly without pressing on the skull 

7
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What is encephalitis?

Infection of the brain caused by a number of different viruses or microorganisms

8
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What is the gyrus?

Bumps on the brain’s surface

9
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What is the cerebral cortex?

The brain’s outer layer

10
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What are sulci?

cracks on the brain’s surface

11
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what are longitudinal fissures?

fissures that run from anterior to posterior and separates left and right hemispheres

12
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What are lateral fissures?

Fissures that run along the sides of the brains

  • separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

13
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What are central fissures?

Separates the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes

14
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What are the cerebral arteries?

  • arteries that feed blood to the brain

  • emerge from the neck and wrap around the outside of the brainstem, cerebrum, and cerebellum finally penetrating the brain’s surface

15
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What are the there major arteries that send blood to the brain?

  • Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): irrigates the anterior portion of the brain

  • Middle cerebral artery (MCA): irrigates the middle of the brain, slightly in the frontal , parietal, and much of the occipital lobe

  • Posterior cerebral artery (PSA): extensive branching to irrigate the temporal and occipital lobe

16
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What is gray matter composed of?

predominantly composed of cell bodies and blood vessels 

17
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What is the function of neurons within gray matter?

these neurons collect and modify information before sending it along

18
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What is white matter composed of?

predominantly composed of axons, nerve fibers covered by myelin sheaths

19
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gray matter surrounds white matter in the _____

brain

20
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White matter surrounds gray matter in the ______

spinal cord

21
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What is the function of white matter?

forms long distance connections between and among some of the brain’s neurons

22
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what are the lateral ventricles?

two wing shaped cavities that contain CSF

23
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what is the choroid plexus?

A network of blood vessels that line the ventricles and produce the CSF that fills the four ventricles

24
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What is the corpus callosum?

the major area of white matter connecting the two hemispheres using nerve fibers

25
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What is the function of the corpus callosum?

Allows the two hemispheres to communicate

26
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What is a tract?

A connection of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord

27
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What is a nerve?

A bundle of fibers outside the CNS

28
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Where is CSF created?

Created in the ventricles

29
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What is the function of CSF?

  • Suspends the brain making it buoyant so that it allows the mass of the brain to seemingly be reduced by 1/3rd

  • also absorbs shock

  • has regulated chemical content to provide an optimal environment for the brain to function

30
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What are the four component parts of the corpus callosum?

  • Splenium

  • body: majority of the corpus

  • genu: the region that bends

  • rostrum: the region found beneath the genu

31
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What is the function of the brainstem?

  • it recieves afferent signals from the body and sends efferent signals out to the spinal cord

  • responsible for most life sustaining behavior

32
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What are the four components of the hindbrain?

  • pons

  • medulla

  • cerebellum

  • reticular formation

33
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What is the function of the hindbrain?

Controls motor functions

34
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What is the reticular formation?

A net like mixture of gray and white matter with nuclei that function in stimulating the forebrain

35
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What is the function of the medulla?

Regulates essentials such as heart rate and breathing and contains structures that control many vital functions

36
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What is the most distinctive feature of the hindbrain?

cerebellum

37
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What is the function of the cerebellum?

  • Primarily muscle control including balance and movement

  • also plays a role in cognitive functions

38
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What are the functions of the pons?

  • Acts as a relay station: a system that carries messages from the brain and spinal cord back and forth

  • contains structures that control many vital functions

39
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What are the two major regions of the midbrain?

  • tectum

  • tegmentum

40
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What are the two components of the tectum?

  • superior colliculi

  • inferior colliculi

41
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What is the function of the superior colliculi?

handles visual information processing coming from the optic nerve

42
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What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

handles auditory information processing coming from the auditory pathways

43
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What kind of information does the tectum process?

Sensory information

44
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What kind of information does the tegmentum process?

Motor information

45
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What is the periaqueductal gray matter?

gray matter made up of cell bodies that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

46
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What is the function of red nucleus?

  • controls limb movements

  • involved in motor movement but not directly

47
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What is the function of the substantia nigra?

  • nuclei involved in motor movements particularly walking

48
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What are the two components of the diencephalon?

  • thalamus

  • hypothalamus

49
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What is the function of the diencephalon?

  • integrate sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

50
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What is the function of the thalamus?

  • organizes and integrates sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex from all sensory systems

  • recieves information then sends it to the correct area of the spinal nerve or cortex

51
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What is the major function of the hypothalamus?

plays a key role in regulating hormones in the pituitary gland and ensures the correct levels of hormones and the correct feedback loops