ANTH 101: CH 5-7 Study Guide

in progress; ch 7 unavailable rn

What type of primates would be classified under the stepsirhini suborder?

Lorises and Lemurs

What type of primates would be classified under the haplorhini suborder?

Tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and Apes

What types of primates would be classified under the platyrrhini parvorder? What region of the world are they from?

• New world monkeys

• Central and South America

What types of primates would be classified under the catarrhini parvorder? What region of the world are they from?

• Old world monkeys and apes

• Africa and Asia (AA)

What is the dental formula of humans? Of Lorises?

Apes (which includes humans): 2.1.2.3

Lorises: 2.1.3.3

What type of diet would a homodont eat and what type of diet would a heterodont?

• Homodont: would eat similar or same kind of shit since their teeth is the same

  • HOMO means SAME think of HOMOSEXUAL as in attracted to the SAME gender

• Heterodont: would eat not similar shit and have more varied diet (or generalized diet) bcs their teeth are all different #dei

  • HETERO means DIFFERENT think of HETEROSEXUAL as in attracted to the opposite sex

What type of primates would be classified under the Hominoidea superfamily?

• apes: gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, bonobos

• humans

What type of primate lives in nests and is also solitary?

Orangutans→ solitary + build nests

Arboreal vs Terrestrial

Arboreal: living on trees

Terrestrial: living on land

What are hominids?

• group of Great Apes

  • Humans

  • chimpanzees

  • gorillas

  • orangutans

• They’re a group within hominodea (hominoids) that is also known as the great apes

What are brachiators?

Form of primate locomotion that uses arm-over-arm swinging

• Some great apes (chimps, bonobos, and gorillas) do knuckle-walking (they’re on all 4s and they walk on their knuckles)

  • They have adaptaions for brachiation, but for some reasons they do knuckle walking instead

Diurnal vs Nocturnal

Diurnal: activity during the day

• Think of the D being day

Nocturnal: activity during night

• Think of the N being night

What is a prehensile tail? What does prehensile mean?

Tails that can grasp onto things, acts like another limb, and is only found in SOME NEW WORLD MONKEYS

• NO OLD WORLD MONKEY HAS THIS! this is only a NEW WORLD MONKEY TRAIT

Prehensile: (chiefly of an animal's limb or tail) capable of grasping (google def)

What is a tooth comb (dental comb) ?

• Textbook: A trait of the front, lower teeth of strepsirrhines in which, typically, the four incisors and canines are long and thin and protrude outward

Most commonly found in lemurs and lorises (stresirrhines), it’s a dental comb that is used to gnaw on bark in order for primates to access its sap

What is a power grip?

a hand grasp where you use the entire hand, including the fingers, thumb, and palm, to apply force, often for lifting or manipulating objects

• exudes force, not precise

• baby grip

• how chimps grab onto sticks

What is parental investment

Pro-long time a parent spends with their offspring → raising, caring, educating them about the world + how to survive

What is a dermal ridge?

Raised patterns on your skin

• Fingerprints → lets you feel shit way more and lets you grip onto things yeah

What is heterodont and homodont?

Heterodont:

having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molar;

• primates = omnivores

• basically a variety of tooth kinds

• they’re so different they’re like the multi-racial college friend groups on college pamphlets

Homodont:

• having or being teeth that are all of similar form

Who is Jane Goodall and what type of primate did she study? What type of tools did she observe them using? ch 6 start

• she is a primatologist who spent over 60 years studying chimpanzees

  • she studied chimpanzees 😭

• Tools:

  • Twigs → fish termites

  • spears → hunt colobus monkey

  • stone tools → crack shit open like nuts

• this changed the diff bet. humans and chimps since tool use was the one major thing that differentiated us from them

• Their culture is group specific learned behavior

What are the six different types of primate residence patterns?

• Solitary: solo female + solo male living apart from each other

  • territory of female overlaps with male’s

  • EX: orangutans

• Monogamous: 1 male + 1 female + their offspring

  • mono means ONE

  • EX:gibbons

• Bachelor males: group of males and NO females

  • they’re old enough to be away from mom but not settle down

  • live this way until they come across a territory where there’s a lottt of females or they come across one idk like they go ape shit when they see one??? is what i remember

  • EX: baboons and macaques

• Multimale/Multifemale: well what the name says

  • bonobos

• Polyandry/Polyandrous: 1 female + multi-male + offspring

  • males don’t know who their offspring is so they all take care of the offspring literally malewives + their girlboss wife

  • decreases population

  • EX: marmosets and tamarins

• Polygyny/Polygynous: 1 male + multi-female + offspring

  • increases population

  • EX: gorilla/baboon

What purpose does grooming serve?

• It’s affiliative behavior

  • helps reinforce social bonds and repair relationships

• Cleans fur and skin

• Remove primates and debris

How do primates communicate? Verbal (vocalization) and Non-verbal

Through verbal and nonvervbal ways

• Verbal communication:

  • use sound → danger, threats, claim or maintain territory, make contact w/other group members

  • Alarm calls: alert members of group → predator is nearby, go hide

  • Loud calls: super loud noises emitted by primates that can be heard from miles away

    • EX: Howler monkeys

  • Threat displays: anything that an animal does to scare away other animals

    • EX: primate bears its teeth to scare/intimidate other primates

• Non-verbal communication:

  • Sexual-swelling: when areas of the hindquarters changes in size, shape, or color when a primate is ovulating

    • prominent in old world monkeys

  • Threat yawn: displaying teeth to intimidate other primates

• Gestural communication

  • Hand clasp

• Vocal dialects

• Ape language

• Language is not like humans!!!!
  

In what type of environment does sexual selection operate?

One where there is little to no predators bcs they FREAAAAKy

Altruistic

Refers to a behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual

• when someone leaves a horrible ratemyprof review to warn and dissuade future students from taking the class

Infanticide

The killing of infants of one’s own species

Habituate

Refers to the process of animals becoming accustomed to human observers

• basically they’re used to it and they’re like icl idgaf fr

Monogamous

A mating system in which one male mates with one female and they have offspring

Sexual selection

The selection for traits that increase mating success. This occurs via intersexual selection and intrasexual selection.

• found by Charles Darwin

• Intrasexual selection: selection for traits that enhances the ability of members of one sex to compete amongst themselves

  • EX: males → have lots of traits that lets them win in competitions and get access to females; like larger body size or canines

• Intersexual selection: selection for traits that enhances the ability of one sex to attract the other

  • EX: males → have traits that makes them more attractive for females and females choose the most attractive male so that their offspring has a higher chance of survival

• Leads to genetic variation

• Mostly happens on males

  • Usually occurs in polygynous primates

• Females choose the best traits in mates and are BORN W/PREFERENCESSSS

• Most common in howler and macaques

Kin selection

Altruistic behaviors that increase the donor's inclusive fitness, that is, the fitness of the donor's relatives

Polygynous

A mating system in which one male mates with multiple females and their offspring.

• can be multi-male or single-male

Polyandrous

A mating system in which multiple males mate with a single breeding female and their offspring.

• can be multi or single

What is the P(PRE)aleozoic era? When did it begin and end?

The Paleozoic Era is the first of three geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon

• 560-225 mya (millions of years ago)

• Ancient things from here (fossils, animals)

• Major extinction event (that started the Mesozoic era): The Great Dying

  • Permian-Triassic

  • lots of volcanic eruptions which disturbed ecosystems

What is the M(MIDDLE)esozoic era? When did it begin and end?

The era after the Paleozoic and before the Cenozoic (the era we’re in)

• 225-65 mya

• Major extinction event: Asteroid Impact Event (also known as the Chicxulub impact event)

  • Asteroid size of Mt. Everest hit the gulf of Mexico

  • Left the Chicxulub crater

  • Happened during the K-T/K-PG Boundary

    • A new era starts after a major catastrophic event (i feel like we should have a new one rn bcs trumps president)

• Periods:

  • Triassic

  • Jurassic

  • Cretaceous (k)

What is the C(CURRENT)enozoic era? 65mya asteroid impact; Cretaceous (K)-Tertiary (T)/Paleogene (Pg) boundary?

• Earth’s current geological era

  • new or recent animals

  • 65 mya - present

• Periods:

  • Tertiary (T)/Paleogene (PG)

    • The Chicxulub impact event happened between the Cretaceous (K) and Tertiary (T) periods. Tertiary is also referred to as Paleogene (PG)

  • Quaternary

What extinction caused the end of the Paleozoic era?

The Great Dying → volcanic eruptions

• from Permian-Triassic

  • Triassic is the beginning of the Mesozoic era!

What extinction event caused the end of the Mesozoic era?

The Asteroid Impact Event (or the Chicxulub impact event)

• Also dubbed as Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg/ K-T) extinction event

The Chicxulub crater is evidence of which extinction event?

The Asteroid Impact Event (or the Chicxulub impact event)

• Located at the Yucatan impact event

How do fossils form? What environments provide ideal settings for fossilization?

Formation:

• through fossilization: process by which organisms turn into fossils

  • organism must be protected from external factors (bacteria, temperature, weather moisture fluctuations)

    • Wetlands are ideal!!!

      • permanent burial (think of the photo example)

      • stable moisture environment

      • can be anaerobic (no oxygen)

        • bacteria requires oxygen → no oxygen = slowed decay process

    • LITTLE TO NO OXYGEN!!!!!

    • sediment accumulation

      • cover and protect organism

      • sediments + water = materials for fossils to turn into fossils for

Ideal conditions:

• No to minimal amounts of OXYGEN!

• Lake beds

  • animal goes there bcs they’re thirsty → collapses drinking it since they’re close to death → submerged beneath lake bed → gets buried in sediments

  • Turkana boy

• Volcanoes

  • lacks oxygen

• Tree sap (amber)

  • encased in amber

• Cold areas

  • ice man

• Hot areas

  • mummies

• Bogs

  • a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials

    • aerobic areas → organism absorbs materials around it

  • Peat man

What are the Laetoli footprints? Where are they located?

• 3.6 MYA; australopithecines in AFRICA

• They are trace fossils which shows evidence for bipedalism

  • Trace fossils: trace of biological activity by an organism

    • footprints, nests, toothmarks, shell necklaces, etc.

Who is Turkana Boy, what is his genus and species?

• earliest fossil of Homo erectus

  • near complete skeleton of H. erectus

    • Referred to as H. ergaster which is the African form of H. erectus

• Build is closer to man than ape

  • head = primitive

  • rest = more human

What is Gondwanaland and Laurasia?

• Pangaea: Earth Supercontinent

  • Continental drift → two supercontinents: Laurasia (North; NA + Eurasia) and Gondwanaland (South; Africa, India, South America, Antarctica, Australia, Turkey, Iran, Tibet)

Cultural Dating, what is it?

Form of relative dating

• arranges human-made artifacts in a time frame from oldest to youngest based on material, production technique, style, and other features

  • EX: a pocket knife was discovered and it’s surrounded by cassette and VHS tapes

    • that means that pocket knife was from the same time as those tapes (late 20th century)

    • The knife can’t be dated earlier than that since cassette and VHS tapes didn’t exist then

• Cultural and biostratigraphy = most effective if researchers already know the time periods for those animals and artifacts

Strata

a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground

Taphonomy

The study of what happens to an organism after death

Eras, Periods, Epochs

Eon: the largest unit of geologic time, spanning billions of years and divided into subunits called eras, periods, and epochs

Eras: Units of geologic time that span millions to billions of years and that are subdivided into periods and epochs

• Periods: geologic time units that span millions of years and are subdivided into epochs

  • Epochs: The smallest units of geologic time, spanning thousands to millions of years

What is Continental Drift? How does that relate to Pangaea?

• The slow movement of continents over time.

• Earth’s current 7 continents were once a supercontinent, Pangaea, but because of continental drift, these continents drifted away from each other and is why we have 7 continents

Chemical Dating

• type of relative dating

• Developed in 19th century

• The use of soil composition and chemistry to date artifiacts

  • Fluorine dating: A relative dating method that analyzes the absorption of fluorine in bones from the surrounding soils.

  • more fluorine = older, less = younger

    think of it as marinating chicken → more time = more flavorful (more fluorine)

• Soil contains fluorine and can be absorbed by organisms buried under soil

Corprolite

Fossilized shit (poop)

• Form of trace fossil

Iridium

a chemical element

Trace fossils

• traces of biological activity by an organism

  • footprints, nests, toothmarks, shell necklaces, etc.

Diastema

Gap between your teeth

• allows primates to have an overbite

Dietary plasticity

the ability of an organism to adapt its diet based on the availability of food resources in its environment

Steno’s law of superposition

that within a sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence

• TLDR: oldest strata is at the bottom (or closer to the bottom) while the younger strata is closer to the top

Biostratigraphic dating

• Relative dating method

• compares fossils or artifacts to other fossils and biological remains (plant and animal)

  • EX: if you found a fossil in the same layer as wooly mammoth remains, then that means that fossil is from around the last ice age (aka when wooly mammoths still existed)

Dendrochronology

A chronometric dating method that uses the annual growth of trees to build a timeline into the past

• Trees → concentric rings as they grow

  • width of rings depends on environmental conditions + seasons

  • Age of tree is based on # of rings

• Rings can be used to date wood artifacts and ecofacts

• 20th century

• Basically matches the rings on the artifacts to trees to determine its date

Paleomagnetic dating

the study of the ancient magnetism of rocks, specifically their location relative to the ancient North Pole and other rocks, through the analysis of the permanent magnetism of ferromagnetic minerals

Deep time

James Hutton’s theory that the world was much older than biblical explanations allowed. This age could be determined by gradual natural processes like soil erosion

• This theory allowed for continental drift to exist

• Was strongly supported by Lyell’s uniformitarianis,

Solitary residence pattern (square = male, circle = female)

species in which individuals do not live or travel together with other members of the same species, except for mothers and unweaned offspring.

• Males have large territory that overlaps w/female’s who they mate with

• Both males and females disperse, although males move farther from their mother than females

• Since all the adults don’t interact as much, nor mate as much, there’s intense male competition which results in sexual dimorphism

How do primates acquire food

• Foraging:

  • Food acquiring falls on females → higher rank females forage

  • Spend more of their time foraging for food (50%)

  • They can hunt, use tools (EX: chimps hunting bush babies w/spears)

    • they can change their strategy depending on the amt of food

• Good nutrition leads to…

  • Younger first birth

  • Healthier infants

  • Shorter interbirth interval

  • Longer lifespans