Psych chapter 2

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41 Terms

1

Curiosity, open-mindedness, and skepticism

Scientific Attitudes

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2

Case Study

in depth analysis on a specific event or person

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3

Natural Observation

Observes behavior as it occurs naturally

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4

Limitations of correlational studies

No caustation, cofounding variables, no temporal precedence, 3rd variable

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5

Theory

a well substaintiated explanation of the natural world, based on a body of scientific evidence

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6

Limitations for Natural oberservation

risk of subject/ observer bias

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7

limitations for case study

lack of generalizability, time and resources

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8

Research Question

clear, focused, and open-ended question that guides the research process. It identifies what the researcher aims to explore or understand.

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9

Identify a question, gather information, conduct research, analyze data, build a body of knowledge

steps in the scienetific process

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10

Limitations of expiremental research

over confidence in findings, cofounding variables

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11

Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction about the outcome of a study or experiment.

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12

students could be any age, no specific time frame

What is wrong with this Hypothesis? Students who sleep continuously for 8 hours before an exam will score higher than those who sleep continuously for 4 hours

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13

Independent variable amount of sleep dependent variable test scores

Identify the Independent Variable and the Dependent variable in the text: Students who sleep continuously for 8 hours before an exam will score higher than those who sleep continuously for 4 hours

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14

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

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15

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured and expected to change as a result of the independent variable.

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16

Operational Definition

Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures or measures used to assess it. for example studying academic sucess "a GPA of 3.5 or higher in a semester." is more specific

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17

Subjective Measures

reporting your own thoughts, feelings, perceptions, sensations, behaviors. self report or proxy report

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18

Behavior Measures

Directly observable behaviors, often using tools such as psychological or physiological tests.

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19

Correlational method

A relationship between two variables; does not imply causation.

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20

Positive Correlation

When one variable increases, the other variable also increases.

<p>When one variable increases, the other variable also increases.</p>
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21

The taller you are the more you weigh

Postive correlation

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22

Negative Correlation

When one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

<p>When one variable increases, the other variable decreases.</p>
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23

Netflix watching increases, grade decreases

Negative correlation

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24

Descriptive Research Method

observes and collects data, this method focuses on what is happening, not why. No cause-and-effect relationships are studied.

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25

Experimental Research Method

researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable while controlling other factors.

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26

Validity

Refers to how well an expirement procedure actually tests what it is designed to test

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27

Reliability

Refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result when measuring an expirement

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28

Temporal Precedence

the ability to determine which variable happens first. If you can't tell the order, cause and effect can't be established.

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29

Third Variable

An extra variable in a study that isn’t part of the main relationship being examined. It might influence the results, but not necessarily.

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30

Random Sampling

A method of sampling from a population where every individual has an equal chance of selection; names are drawn at random

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31

Representative Sample

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population; equal percentage of brown- and blonde-haired students in the sample as the population

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32

Population

a set of individuals of intrest in a study

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33

a sample

a set of individuals from a population. intended to represent the population

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34

Nocebo

The negative version of placebo; feeling headaches after sugar pill because “headache” was said to be side effect

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35

Social Desirability

The tendency to respond in a socially desirable manner; giving the answer you think someone wants to hear

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36

Cofounding Variable

A specific third variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables, creating a false or misleading relationship between them.

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37

Placebo Affect

people recieving a treatment show change in behavior because of their expectations not because the treatment itself

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38

Expectancy effects

Subtle unintentional ways a researchers or participants expectation can influence the result of a study

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39

Human research ethics

Consent for everything, Benefits outweigh risks, anonymous, no deception, they must be told purpose of study after, ethics team must be informed

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40

Animal Research Ethics

Justifications must be made for the certain species, no unnecessary harm benefits outweigh the risks, 3 R’s replacement, reduction, refinement, very strict protocol overseen by veterinarians, and all protocals over seen by Ethics board

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41

Limitation for Descriptive methods

Doesnt establish why something happens only that there is an occurance

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