Colonization and Native American Tribes Review

Flashcards covering Early European Exploration, Native American Regional Tribes, Colonial Settlements, and Colonial Life Vocabulary.

Renaissance

Flowering of art, culture, and humanism in Central Europe.

Columbus

Opened the New World to Europe.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese Prince who funded navigation and sailing (Exploration not possible to New World w/out him).

Balboa

Spanish explorer who reached and named the Pacific Ocean.

Magellan

Led the 1st voyage ever to circumnavigate the globe (Died in the Philippines – his crew finished the voyage).

Cortes

Spanish soldier who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Henry Hudson

Explored coast of NY and Atlantic for the Dutch and English.

Champlain

French explorer who colonized eastern Canada (French Canada = Quebec/Montreal).

Joint Stock Company

Group/pool of private investors who put up $ to find New World colonies (Rarely profitable).

Jamestown (1607)

1st permanent English settlement in colonial America.

John Smith

2nd leader of Jamestown who prevented it from dying.

John Rolfe

Colonist of Jamestown who married Pocahontas and created modern tobacco.

Royal Colony

Colony that is run by a Royal Governor.

Proprietary Colony

Colony run by 1 private person (ex: Pennsylvania = William Penn = Quaker paradise).

Separatists / Pilgrims

People who wanted to separate from the Church of England (Anglican Church); formed independent church, settled Plymouth Colony via Mayflower Compact.

Puritans

Radical group that wanted to purify the Church of England of everything Catholic; established Massachusetts Bay Colony as a Puritan theocracy.

Myles Standish / John Carver

1st leaders of Plymouth Colony.

William Bradford

Early leader of Plymouth who left diaries describing the society.

Mayflower Compact

1st set of English laws in colonial America.

John Winthrop

Gov. of Mass Bay Colony who envisioned a "City on a Hill".

Mass Bay Colony

Largest colony and Puritan theocracy.

Great Migration

1st mass movement of Europeans to the New World (Various reasons = economic, religious, etc.).

Map of Native American Linguistic Groups and Tribes

Map displaying the regional geographic distribution of major Native American linguistic groups and tribes across North America.

Arctic Region Tribes

Major tribal groups include Aleut & Intuits residing in tundra with domed snow houses, igloos, and underground sod houses, relying on sea life, caribou, and musk oxen.

North West Coast Region Tribes

Major tribal groups include Kwakiutl, Haida, & Tlingit residing in chilly/rainy coastal forests with wooden houses and totem poles, structured in matrilineal tribes.

Southwest Region Tribes

Major tribal groups include Hopi, Zuni, Navajo, Pueblo, & Apache living in arid deserts and mesas with adobe and stone houses, practicing dry land agriculture and raiding.

Great Plains Region Tribes

Major tribal groups include Arapaho, Sioux, Cheyenne, & Iowa living in grasslands in tepees, hunting buffalo, and using tamed Spanish horses.

North East Woodlands Region Tribes

Major tribal groups include Powhatan, Delaware, Iroquois, Huron, Algonquin, Ottawa, and Lenni Lenape living in thick forests with longhouses, using wampum and slash-and-burn agriculture.

Southeast Region Tribes

Major tribal groups include Seminole, Creek, & Cherokee residing in mild, humid subtropics with palisade villages, governed by a chief system.

Middle Passage

Refers to trip a slave made from Africa to the New World (59% went to the Caribbean, EXTREMELY RARE to come to colonial America).

Navigation Acts

English trade laws requiring English ships (1663), routing goods through English ports (1663), sending tobacco only to England (1663), and customs official oaths (1696).

Salutary Neglect

Crown leaves colonies alone (Crown and colonies are like a family where parents do not ground you every day).

Salem Witch Trials

1692 event in Salem, Mass. where 19 people and 2 dogs were executed for witchcraft (150+ convicted, 100 confess).

House of Burgesses (1619)

1st legislative body in the New World, reserved only for White property owners.

Act of Toleration (MD)

Maryland law that allows limited religious freedom for Catholics under Lord Baltimore (Calvert).

Bacon's Rebellion

Virginia rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon over high taxes and protection against Native Americans; resulted in burning Jamestown.

Governor Berkeley

Governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion.

Indentured Servants

English who paid for their voyage to the New World via labor (4-7 years for food, clothing, shelter, work).

Headright System

System offering 50 acres of land for yourself and everyone you pay for in Virginia to encourage family migration.

Anne Hutchinson

Religious heretic banished from Mass (MBC) for heresy after talking to God; founded Portsmouth (later absorbed into R.I.).

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

Thomas Hooker's 1st colonial constitution and 1st written constitution in American history.

Halfway Covenant

Attempt by Mass Bay to soften religious restrictions to prevent losing church membership among the first colonial-born generation.

New England Confederation

Mutual defense group made up of N.E. colonies (Plymouth, MBC, CT, New Haven) against Indian, Dutch, or French attacks.

Pequot War

1st major Indian war (Settlers & Indians v. Indians).

King Philip's War

2nd major Indian war created by the unification of various tribes led by Metacom (King Philip); ended Indian resistance in N.E.

Mercantilism

Economic system that seeks a positive balance of trade by acquiring colonies.

Specie

Gold or Silver ("Hard $").

Balance of Trade

The formula defined as $\text{Exports} - \text{Imports} = \text{Balance of Trade}$.

Tariff

Tax on imports which causes prices to rise for consumers and creates economic strain in the South.

Harvard

1st university in the New World, set up in Massachusetts to train ministers.

J.P. Zenger

NY reporter cleared of libel when he accused the Royal Governor of corruption, establishing limited freedom of speech.

Libel

Writing something about somebody that is not true (differs from slander, which is SAYING something about somebody that is not true).