PRACTICAL RESEARCH MIDTERMS FR

Qualitative Research

naturalistic method that deals w/ the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly

makes use of materials that're narrative & subjective

Collection of data is continuous until saturation

open-ended

emphasis on human complexity & man's ability to decide & create experiences

Focuses on gaining insights & understanding abt individual's perception & interpretation

Inductive reasoning (specific-general)

Types Of Qualitative Research

Phenomenological RS

Ethnographic RS

case study

Grounded-Theory Study

Historical Study

Narrative Analysis

Critical Qualitative RS

Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study

Post-modern RS

Phenomenological RS

seeks to Find the essence or structure of an experience by explaining how complex meanings are built out of simple units OF inner experience

Studies lived experiences of individuals / grps

Ethnographic RS

involves collection & analysis of data abt cultural grps or minorities

case study

In-depth examination of an individual, grp of ppl, or institution

Grounded-Theory Study

involves comparing units Of data against one another until properties that state relations between them emerge

generates theories From the data itself rather than preexisting ones

Quanti(theory -> data) vs GT(data -> theory)

Historical Study

concerned w/ the identification. location, evaluation, & synthesis of data from past events

Historical Study Sources of Data

documents- print materials

relics & artifacts- physical remains/objects

oral reports - primary / secondary sources

Narrative Analysis

purpose is to extract context From personal experiences by identifying patterns & themes based on particular chronology.

not just content but now it's narrated

examines & interprets narratives

Narrative Analysis Common Types

psychological - internal thoughts/motivation

Biographical-societal Factors

Discourse Analysis-language

Critical Qualitative RS

seeks to bring abt change & empower individuals by describing and critiquing the social, cultural. & psychological perspectives on present-day context

engages w/ social issues to promote social justice & change 

Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study

used in identifying how indivs give meaning to a Situation or phenomenon

uses inductive Strategy to analyze patterns & themes

Gives meaning/ interpretation to ppl's experiences, actions, & interactions

Post-modern RS

way of thinking abt art, culture, A philosophy which suggests that there's no "real truth" & knowledge is constructed.

questions idea of single objective reality & highlights importance of Multiple perspectives.

challenges modernist perspectives

Advantages of qualitative rs

requires Few participants

useful in describing complex phenomenon

can be explained in detail & in-depth

interviews not restricted to specific questions

provides indiv case info

provides understanding & description OF Ppl's personal experiences

Disadvantages of qualitative rs

Sometimes not well-understood Unlike Quanti RS

presence of researcher can affect participants' responses

difficult to make quanti Predictions

results more easily influenced by researchers' blases

might have low credibility

Experimental RS

true experiment where an effort is made to identify & impose control over all other variables except 1

Advantages of quantitative rs

measure & analyze data to arrive at objective answers 

reliable results bcs large sample sizes & Statistical treatment

standards used for instrument selection, sampling. & statistical analysis

Disadvantages of quantitative rs

limited results bcs usually based on # analysis & not From narratives

Ivl of control in lab experimental RS may not reflect real-world conditions; Findings can be influenced by researcher perspective 

large sample size → more resources.

Fixed choices may not reflect participants' true answers

Review of Literature

process of compiling (assemble info), classifying (arrange in categories), evaluating (assessing data quality)

Steps in Reviewing Literature

1. Finding relevant materials

2. Actual Reading

3. Notetaking

Finding relevant materials

enrichment of knowledge

journals, textbooks, reference books, abstract of theses

Actual Reading

critique contents of the material
involves asking questions which Should Focus on the variables

Notetaking

systematic taking down of notes to save time & effort

useful in synthesizing & compiling Ideas From diff references

Strategies in Reading Literature

Previewing

Highlighting

Annotating

Previewing

get general idea of things to look For in text

systematic skimming

Highlighting

physically marking text to Identify key details & to note relationships among Ideas

Annotating

recording of reader's reaction as marginal notes

helps one Find Ideas to write abt

Standard Citations & Reference styles

Modern Language Association (MLA)

American Psychological Association (APA)

Chicago Style & Turabian style

Modern Language Association (MLA)

language & literature

American Psychological Association (APA)

For most educational institutions

Chicago Style & Turabian style

Chicago Style - less Formal

Turabian style - permits Footnotes, developed For Chicago Style

Writing Review of Related Literature

Related Literature

Related Studies

Related Literature

examines Facts & principles from other resources related to the study

the diFF variables used in the study are the main FOCUS

serves to clarify the diff variables being studied

resource materials inc: books, encyclopedias, & published journals

Related Studies

past studies published as journals, articles, theses, or dissertations

these similarities w/ the present Study: variables, sub-variables, concepts, Subject/topic 

provides insight into the methods. which establish the validity of results 

basis of interpretation of results allowing comparison & contrast of past studies & your own 

FOCUS on methods & interpretation OF results

Tips in Literature Review

Choose peer-reviewed sources & check electronic sources 

Select sources based on contribution to the topic

Describe relationships among sources 

Resolve conflicts & contradictions

Research Framework

building blocks for study's Foundation

theoretical & Conceptual Framework

theoretical framework

can be adapted from original model used by the cited theorist & can modify the variable to better suit the study

Formulated From existing theories & serves as Foundation of the study

Elements of the Theoretical Framework

Relevant theories

Study Paradigm

Review of Related Studies

Review of Related Literature

Relevant theories

partially / Fully relevant to the study

basis for variables being tested

Study Paradigm

diagrammatic representation to visually summarize the whole study 

I-P-O: Input (variables) -> Process (method) Output (results / outcome)

Review of Related Studies

theses/dissertations w/ same variables & define the methods/approach taken in measuring them

Review of Related Literature

published materials that compare the study w/ existing knowledge

defines, classifies, & Facilitates comprehension of the variables

Conceptual Framework

derived from combination Of theories or parts of theories in Formulating the relationship between variables

guides researcher in synthesizing diff theories used to Formulate a new one

Ethical Standards in Research Writing

To avoid plagiarism: Citations, Paraphrasing, Referencing

Citations

Complete source or reference placed after copied phrase or sentence

Paraphrasing

rephrasing lifted info into one's own words or how the Info was understood

Referencing

done in conjunction w/ citations at the end of the paper

5 Stages of a Study

Conceptualizing

Setting Up A Data Management System

Sampling & Theoretical sampling

Collecting & Generating Data

Analysis

Conceptualizing

literature review & critiquing other studies

Setting Up A Data Management System

systemization of data collected

differs in quantitative & qualitative studies

Sampling & Theoretical sampling

take the necessary time to plan and locate your sample

Collecting & Generating Data

may require Field work (entering the physical location of a social space where you'll gather info)

Analysis

allow time for coding & analyzing the acquired data From the data collection

Collecting & Generating Data questions

what're the gaps in existing knowledge the study needs to fill?

What kind of info is needed to fill those gaps?

How'll the study collect that info?

How does one ensure that the info collected is the kind needed to Fill the gaps?

Collecting & Generating Data terms

Methodology

Method

Research Design

Methodology

section of the research paper explaining the methods used by the researchers; chapter

Method

technique used by the researcher to gather generate data abt the subjects of the study

process/approach

Research Design

plan which structures a study to ensure data is collected & contains info needed to answer the problem

Planning the Research Design

Establish the Purpose of the Study

Methodological Location

Scoping

Nature of Data

Thinking Ahead

Experimental Research Designs

True Experimental Design

Quasi-Experimental

True Experimental Design

researcher has control over / manipulates the independent variable and experimental variables respectively

subjects randomly assigned in grps

control grp (positive and/or negative) doesn't receive any treatment from the experiment

Quasi-Experimental

either there's no control grp or the subjects aren’t it randomly assigned to grps

lacks atleast 1 characteristic of a true experimental design

surveys

Non-experimental Research Design

who the data is collected from, methods used to collect the data, time orientation, purpose or objective

time orientation

retrospective

longitudinal

cross-sectional

purpose or objective

descriptive, correlational, retrospective

sampling

researcher selects a portion or segment From the population at the center of the researcher's study

Ex: Shs students (Target population) G12

SHS. Students OF AUF-IS (Sample).

Sampling Terms

Population

Target Population

sample

Population

grp of persons or objects that possess the same common characteristics that're of interest to the researcher

Target Population

composed of the entire grp or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the Findings of the study

sample

portion of the population to which the researcher has reasonable access

Kinds Of Sampling

Probability Sampling

Non-Probability Sampling

Probability Sampling

Simple Random sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling

systematic sampling

Simple Random sampling

population members have = chance to be selected

Stratified Random Sampling

population is divided into diff strata, then random sampling Follows

Cluster Sampling

used in large-scale studies in which the population is geographically spread out

cluster the population and choose a cluster/s to get the sample

systematic sampling

method of selecting every nth element of the population (e.g. every 5th, 7th, or 16th)

Non-Probability Sampling

Convenience Sampling

Quota Sampling

purposive sampling

Snowball sampling

Convenience Sampling

ppl're sampled simply bcs they're "convenient" data sources for researchers

Quota Sampling

similar to stratified sampling where the population is divided into diFF strata but there's a bit more Convenience

purposive sampling

handpicking of subjects and researchers rely on their own judgement when choosing members to participate

Snowball sampling

existing study subjects recruit Future Subjects from among their acquaintances

Instruments

devise a way to examine & analyze the variables being studied to answer the research problems of the study

Instruments ex

Surveys, lab apparatus, interview questions