APWH CHP 1

Paleolithic era

The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without agriculture.

Agricultural Revolution

The domestication of plants and animals, leading to farming and pastoral societies.

Pastoral societies

Societies focused on raising livestock, emerging where settled agriculture was difficult.

Patriarchy

A social system in which women are subordinate to men, often linked to agriculture and property.

Hinduism

A religion based on diverse beliefs and practices in India, articulated as a distinct tradition.

Upanishads

Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 B.C.E, sacred texts.

Siddartha Gautama (the Buddha)

An Indian prince whose exposure to suffering led him to develop the path to Enlightenment, founding Buddhism.

Theravada Buddhism

The original form of Buddhism emphasizing the Buddha as a wise teacher, focusing on practices.

Mahayana Buddhism

A popular form of Buddhism allowing for greater role of supernatural beings and compassion.

Bhakti movement

A Hindu movement involving devotion to a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals.

Confucianism

A philosophy advocating moral examples from superiors as the key to social order.

Han dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that established political and cultural patterns lasting into the twentieth century.

Daoism

A religion focusing on nature, practiced alongside Confucianism among the upper class.

Judaism

An early monotheistic religion known for the sacred God, followed by the Jews.

Jesus of Nazareth

A Jewish craftsman whose teachings and healing formed the basis for Christianity.

Saint Paul

An early Christian missionary whose journeys spread Christianity to non-Jews in the Roman Empire.

Perpetua

A Roman Christian martyr persecuted for her faith by emperor Septimius Severus.

Quran

Revelations received by Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, seen as the messenger of Allah.

Umma

The global community of Islam, united by common beliefs beyond territory and tribe.

Ulama

Islamic scholars serving as judges, interpreters, and preservers of Islamic law.

Sharia

The fundamental religious law in Islam derived from the Quran.

Madrassas

Formal colleges for advanced instruction in the Quran and related subjects.

Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief emphasizing personal search for divine truth and love through Allah.

Silk Roads

Land-based trade routes used to transport luxury goods, with a significant Mongol presence.

Sea Roads

Trade routes in the Indian Ocean used for delivering manufactured goods in bulk.

Sand Roads

Land-based routes across the Sahara for trade in items like gold and salt.