The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through gathering, hunting, and fishing without practice of agriculture. Such ways of living persisted well after the advent of agriculture in many places. Beginning of human history.
Perhaps the most transformative process in all of human history, these terms refer to the domestication of plants and animals, which led to both farming and pastoral societies.
Based on an alternative kind of food-producing economy focused on the raising of livestock, pastoral societies emerged in the Afro-Eurasia world where settled agriculture was difficult or impossible. Pastoral peoples often led their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.
A social system in which women have been made subordinate to men in the family and society; often linked to the development of plow-based agriculture, intensive warfare, and private property.
A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of 19th century Indian reformers, it was expressed as a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity
Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 B.C.E, collection of sacred texts
The Indian prince whose exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path to Enlightenment that became the basis for the emerging religious tradition, Buddhism
“Teaching of the Elders”, the early(original) form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs
“Great vehicle”, the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to the supernatural beings and compassion and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.
Meaning “worship”, this Hindu movement began in south India and moved northward between 600 and 1300 c.e; it involved the intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals.
The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. Unequal relationships lead to stability, such as husband and wife, older and younger brother, ruler and subject.
The Chinese dynasty that emerged after the Qin dynasty collapsed, establishing political and cultural patterns that lasted into the twentie
A religion that focuses on nature and was practiced amongst the uper class alongside Confucianism (much to some confucian scholar’s dismay)
One of the earliest minor religions at the time, and were soon known as Jews. Their God was so sacred, they were reluctant to pronounce it; a powerful, jealous deity (monotheism).
Jewish craftsman or builder, 4 B.C.E. - 29 C.E. Began brief career of healing and teaching before local authorities executed him. Became the basis for Christianity.
An early convert whose journeys for missionary in the eastern Roman Empire led to small Christian communities that included non-Jews.
A rich and educated Roman Christian martyr who got persecuted by Roman emperor Septimius Severus, devoted to the Egyptian cult of Isis and Osiris. He forbade any new conversions to Christianity (but didn’t punish long-established Christians) and persecuted Perpetua and 4 others, with her refusing to go back to her original faith, and helped a young soldier take her life by guiding the soldier’s hand to her throat.
Revelations beginning in 610, written by Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570-632 C.E.), a trader from Mecca. Saw the troubles of Mecca (social inequality and corruption) and meditated, finding religious experience that made him believe he was Allah’s (God) messenger. Visions continued over next 22 years
Global community of Islam, followers of Muhammad to Medina. Women also had a spiritually equal place in society. Bound by common belief instead of territory, language, and/or tribe.
Learned scholars who served as judges, interpreters, administrators, prayer leaders, and reciters of the Quran. Most importantly, the preservers of the Islamic law.
Fundamental religious concept of Islam.
Formal conservative colleges for advanced instruction in the Quran and Muhammad’s sayings, sometimes philosophy, theology, math, medicine, and law.
Mystical islamic belief where people personally seek divine truth, love, and knowledge through Allah directly.
Land-based route used to transport luxury goods for profit (luxury goods were the only profitable items for a route that long). Mongol presence. Horses and saddles were mainly used as means of transport. Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, and Islam
Sea-based trade routes (Indian Ocean) used to deliver manufactured goods in bulk sizes (even gold and ivory), as ship cargos tended to be bigger than land-based cargos. Spread mainly Islam.
Land-based route (trans-saharan slave trade), camels, horses and saddles, Islam, Ivory, salt, and gold.
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