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What is the multi-store model of memory?
It is a cognitive model of memory written in very much in the same way information processing models in computing are designed. It involves the forward flow of information from sensory input, through to sensory memory (SM).
How does information pass through the multi-store model of memory?
Sensory data/information passes from SM to STM via attention. The information/data then passes from STM to LTM via rehearsal. Information can be passed back from LTM to STM via retrieval.
What is some evidence for the multi-store model of memory (AO3)?
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) investigated the primacy/recency effect;
The finding of Squire et al (1992) that when you conduct a brain scan on a participant then STM and LTM are located in different parts of the brain;
Shallice and Warrington (1970) reported the case of a man named KF who had been in a motorcycle accident.
What is encoding for both STM and LTM?
How the information is processed from the senses into the memory itself. This is how the information will be stored and ultimately recalled. Either semantic (LTM) or acoustic (STM).
What is the evidence for encoding for STM?
Baddeley (1966) considered encoding in short-term memory. He gave participants four lists of words to learn: Acoustically similar: such as cat, bat, rat. Acoustically dissimilar: such as laugh, bear, and pencil. Semantically similar: such as large, huge, or enormous. Semantically dissimilar: such as police, computer, or chair.
All the words were visually presented on the screen, and the participants were asked to recall the words according in the order shown. They were asked to recall immediately. It was found that acoustically similar pictures have the worst memory, while there was no difference for semantically similar and different words. Therefore, Baddeley concluded that STM relies on acoustic coding for information processing.
What is the evidence for encoding in LTM?
Same as STM but were asked to recall after a period of time
The results showed that semantically similar words are remembered the worst, while there was no difference in LTM for acoustically similar and different words.
What is the duration of STM?
18-20 seconds
What is the evidence for Duration in STM?
he asked participants to recall information, adding an extra bit as he moved on: A bit like the game ‘I went to the shops’. Starting participants with two or three words to recall, he gradually built it up until they made an error It was found that most participants struggled with between 5-9 words. This is known as ‘Miller’s Magic 7’.
What is the duration of LTM?
A lifetime
What is the evidence for Duration in LTM?
All the words were presented on the screen, visually, and the participants were asked to recall the words according to the order shown. For the short-term part of the experiment, they were asked to recall immediately. It was found that acoustically similar pictures have the worst memory, while there was no difference for semantically similar and different words. Therefore, Baddeley concluded that STM relies on acoustic coding for information processing.
What is the capacity of STM?
7+-2
What is the evidence for Capacity in STM?
He asked participants to recall information, adding an extra bit as he moved on: A bit like the game ‘I went to the shops’. Starting participants with two or three words to recall, he gradually built it up until they made an error It was found that most participants struggled with between 5-9 words. This is known as ‘Miller’s Magic 7’.
What is the Capacity of LTM?
An unlimited capacity.
What are the three types of Long-term memory?
- Episodic
- Procedural
- Semantic
What is Episodic memory?
Experiences a person has had or events from their life.
e.g. 16th birthday party
What is Procedural memory?
It involves knowing how to do certain actions or skills.
e.g. how to ride a bike
What is Semantic memory?
It involves knowing and recalling facts, concepts and meanings.
e.g. knowing that Paris is the capital of France
