Core themes

what two things caused the idea of the individual to rise

enlightenment, growth of market economics

what was kant’s idea surrrounding the individual

they are ‘ends in themselves’

‘a’ word for classical liberalism view of individuals

atomism

what does liberals belief in individualism underpin regarding equality

difference blindness

what do classical liberals see society as in regards to individuals

a collection of self-sufficient individuals

how did Macpherson characterise early liberal approaches to society

individual ‘owing nothing to society’

how do some liberals view society, separetely from the state

civil society

whats the unifying principle within liberal ideology

liberalism/freedom

when, and according to who, can liberty be limited

when its infringing on other’s liberties, mill

what were mill’s two categories of actions

self-regarding and other-regarding

how much freedom did john rawls advocate for (quote)

the widest possible liberty consistent with a like liberty for all

two types of freedom identified by isaiah berlin

negative freedom and positive freedom

in what work did isaiah berlin identify these two freedoms

‘two concepts of liberty’

looking to yourself first, doing what you want is ….

egotistical individualism

doing what’s best for you is what kind of individualism

developmental

individualism is the belief in

the supreme importance of the individual over ay social group or body

what did john locke (KEY THINKER) say about law and its importance

“where there is no law there is no freedom”

does locke think a state is needed

yes

what did mill (KEY THINKER) develop, saying that power could be exercised against individuals to protect harm against others

the harm principle

similarities between classical and modern liberals

optimistic about human nature, individual above state, agree on negative freedoms

differences between classical and modern liberals

positive freedoms, self improvement versus utmost freedom

five key themes of liberalism

individualism, freedom, justice, tolerance, rationality

what did john locke say about law and the state of nature, promoting limited state intervention

state of nature has a law to govern it and reason teaches all mankind

what did john locke (KEY THINKER) say about new opinions

“new opinions are always suspected and likely opposed without any other reason but because they are not already common”

what two forms of equality do classical and modern liberals both agree on

foundational equality and formal equality

what third kind of equality do only modern liberals support

equality of oppurtunity

how do liberals think the state should be structured (begins with ‘m’)

meritocracy

what did rawls (KEY THINKER) say about inequality

only justified if it incentivizes the least well-off

what do we call john rawls’ principle about inequality

difference principle

who said ‘I detest what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it’

voltaire

“if everyone but one person were of one opinion, and one person were of another opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing this one person than he would be in silencing mankind”

mill on toleration

*“if you become tolerant to intolerance, you will end up with no tolerance whatsoever”* - who said this and what can we call it

karl popper, paradox of tolerance

what values might come into conflict

freedom (e.g. free speech) and the extent of tolerance

what did john rawls (KEY THINKER) say about tolerance and its limits (paraphrased)

freedom should only be restricted when institutions sincerely believe security and freedom are at risk

where do modern and classical liberals agree the most

rationalism

where do modern and classical liberals agree the least

individualism