2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA

True

T or F

prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same kinds of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, and store energy

peptidoglycan

what is the composition if cell wall for prokaryotes?

cellulose and chitin

what is the composition if cell wall for eukaryotes?

False; there is an exception “miss u”

1. mycoplasma

2. urea plasma

T or F

all bacteria does not contain carbohydrate and sterols

they lack cell wall

why does mycoplasma and urea plasma incorporate sterols in their cell composition?

histones ; nonhistone

DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called ___________ and with _______________

mitosis ; binary fision

METHOD OF CELL DIVISION?

eukaryote ; _____________

prokaryote ; _____________

EUKARYOTE

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE

Have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles

EUKARYOTE

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE

Cell walls, when present, are chemically simple

PROKARYOTES

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE

DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome

PROKARYOTE

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE

Cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan

1. plasma membrane

2. periplasmic space

3. outer membrane

ENUMERATE

cell wall inclusion of G (-) bacte.

1. plasma membrane

2. cell wall

ENUMERATE

cell wall inclusion of G (+) bacte.

G (+)

which gram stain bacte. has a thicker peptidoglycan layer?

False

T or F

all bacteria has a capsule

cell membrane

what is being used as energy in bacteria since they dont have mitochondria?

Bacterial cell wall

what bacte. chararcteristic provide the basis for the Gram stain?

0 .25 to 1 ; 1 to 3

Most clinically relevant bacterial species range in size from__________ μm in width and __________ μm in length

Haemophilus ducreyi

smallest bacteria causing the disease chanchroid and is <1 micrometer

Bacillus anthracis

considered as the largest bacte. causing anthrax, and is 3-10 micrometer

Cocci ; Staphylococci

BACTERIAL SHAPE

circular ; give example

Coccobacilli ; (ex: normal flora found in female vagina (Gardnerella)

BACTERIAL SHAPE

ovoid ; give example

Bacillus ; (ex: Bacillus anthracis)

BACTERIAL SHAPE

rod shaped ; give example

Fusiform

BACTERIAL SHAPE

tapered, pointed ends

Curved

BACTERIAL SHAPE

(just like vibrio) i.e cholera

Spiral ; spirochetes (Treponema pallidum, Borrela spp., Leptospira interrogans)

BACTERIAL SHAPE

helical, like corkscrew ; give example

Pleomorphic

BACTERIAL SHAPE

no defined shape (because of their cell envelope)

Staphylococci ; Streptococci ; Diplococci ; Micrococcus

Cluster: ___________

Chains: _________

Pairs: __________

Tetrads: ___________

1. outer membrane

2. periplasmic space (periplasm)

what are the cell envelope components that is only found in G (-) bacte. only?

plasmid

this cell structure is important for the bacteria to be able to cleave because it codes for cellular function. thus it codes for special characteristics such as drug resistance which gives advantage to the bacteria

1. pilus (attachment)

2. sex pilus (transfer of gen material via conjugation) (ie. E. coli)

ENUMERATE

two types of pilus

True

T or F

plasmid is optional for bacterias

True

T or F

other bacterias do not have capsule

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

the outer membrane is a bilayered structure composed of ____________________ Which gives the surface of gram-negative bacteria a net negative charge

PORINS

Protein structures scattered throughout the lipopolysaccharide macromolecules

PORINS

Water-filled structures that control the passage of nutrients and other solutes, including antibiotics, through the outer membrane

MUREIN LIPOPROTEINS

They act as anchors that connect the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan cell walls

CELL WALL ( MUREIN LAYER)

Gives the bacterial cell shape and strength to withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressures that would otherwise result in cell lysis

a. G (+)

it has a higher resistance to physical disruption since it has something to do with thickness of its peptidoglycan

a. G (+)

b. G. (-)

1. Penicillins

2. Cephalosporins

what are the drugs that target cell wall, this also inhibits cell wall sensitivity thus G(+) bacterias are more targetted

disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits.

Peptidoglycan is made up of repeating _____________________

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG)

• N-acetyl-D-muramic acid (NAM)

Alternating sugar components (moieties),with the amino acid chain linked to N-acetylmuramic acid molecules

Mycobacteria

which bacteria contain mycolic acid?

mycolic acid

what is the waxy layer that coats the bacterial cell wall thus gram staining is pale and it stains lightly or “gram ghost”

Acid-Fast stain

since mycobacteria contains modified cell wall, what is the staining method used?

1. Ziehl–Neelsen Stain (hot acid-fast stain)

2. Kinyoun Stain (cold acid-fast stain)

ENUMERATE

2 AFS technique

mycobacteria, nocardia, Legionella micdadei

Give examples of acid-fast bacteria

1. Rhodococcus

2. Tsukamurella

3. Gordonia

4. Corynebacteria

ENUMERATE

bacteria that dies not utilize AFS but has small amnt of mycolic acid

carbol fuchsin

Primary stain use in acid-fast stain

2

how many rings around flagellum if it is a G(+) bacteria?

4

how many rings around flagellum if it is a G(-) bacteria?

motility ; attachment

flagella; __________

pili; ___________

TEICHOIC ACID

this is a special component of G(+) bacteria that is anchored to the peptidoglycan (N-acetylmuramic acid)

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

this is a special component of G(+) bacteria that is anchored to the PM

TEICHURONIC ACID

in a G(+) bacteria is low on phosphate it produces ____________________ in place of theichoic acids. thus is has similar polymers, but the repeat units include sugar acids (eg, N-acetylmannosuronic or d-glucosuronic acid) instead of phosphoric acids

A. O-specific polysaccharide

B. Core polysaccharide

C. Lipid A (also called endotoxin)

ENUMERATE

the three regions of LPS

O-specific polysaccharide

(the three regions of LPS)

• Outermost part

• Highly variable among bacteria

• Antigenic → stimulates immune response

• Used for bacterial identification/serotyping

Core polysaccharide

(the three regions of LPS)

• Connects O antigen to Lipid A

• Contains:

  • KDO (Ketodeoxyoctanoic acid)

  • Heptose sugars

Lipid A (also called endotoxin)

(the three regions of LPS)

• Innermost portion

• Embedded in the outer membrane

• aka “ENDOTOXIN”

O antigen ; O-specific polysaccharide of LPS

H antigen ; Flagella

K antigen ; Capsule

ENUMERATE

bacterial antigens used for serotyping

positive ; negative

exotoxin ; G (__)

exotoxin & endotoxin ; G (__)

periplasmic space

Space that separates cell wall and plasma membrane:

LPS

• Vital in evading the host defenses

• Contribute to the negative charge of the bacterial

surface, which stabilizes the membrane structure

• Considered as an endotoxin

Lipid A moiety

The phosphate groups in LPS contribute to the bacterium's negative surface charge.

Lipid A moiety

responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram-negative bacteria

Porins

are protein channels found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

G(-)

what gram stain bacteria can u find periplasmic space?

faint blue (gram-positive) color

what is the color of the stain of Mycobacterium and Nocardia in AFS?

if the bacteria lost its rigid cell wall

how are L-form bacterias formed?

• serum

• high sugar concentration

how do L-formed bacteria survive?

cytoplasmic membrane / PM

what characteristic of bacterial cell wall contributes to the generation of chemical energy (ie. ATP)

RIBOSOMES

Site of protein biosynthesis and give the cytoplasm a granular structure

Streptomycin and Gentamicin

what are the antibiotic that attaches to the 30S subunit and interfere with protein synthesis

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

what are the antibiotic that interfere with protein synthesis by attaching to the 50S subunit

Large Plasmid

responsible for the production of B lactamase that provide resistance to B lactam antibiotics (penicillin and oxacillin)

Small Plasmid

resistant to tetracyclines an Chloramphenicol

INCLUSION BODIES

Serve as the energy source or food reserve of the bacteria or as a reservoir of structural building blocks

Babes–Ernst Bodies

a metachromatic inclusion body that is associated with Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Halberstaedter Bodies

an inclusion body associated with Chlamydia trachomatis

Levinthal–Cole–Lillie bodies

an inclusion body associated with Haemophilus influenzae

ENDOSPORES/ ASEXUAL SPORES

Small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell

a. Terminal spore

b. Subterminal spore

c. Central spore

ENUMERATE

Types of Spores according to location

Clostridium tetani

what is the bacteria id spore location is terminal spore

Clostridium botulinum

what is the bacteria id spore location is Subterminal spore

Bacillus anthracis

what is the bacteria id spore location is Central spore

• Terminal spore

• Clostridium tetani

identify;

• spore location

• bacteria

Clostridium botulinum

identify;

• spore location

• bacteria

Bacillus anthracis

identify;

• spore location

• bacteria

GLYCOCALYX

outward complex of polysaccharide on the bacterial surface and other cells

GLYCOCALYX

appears as a capsule or a slime layer

FLAGELLA

exterior protein filaments that rotate and cause bacteria to be motile

Proteus

can "swarm," or show rapid wavelike movement across a solid culture medium since it has a lot of flagella

a. Atrichous

b. Mnotrichous

c. Amphitrichous

d. Lophotrichous

e. Peritrichous

ENUMERATE

arrangement of the flagella

Atrichous

what do you call the arrangement if the bacteria does not have any flagellum?

Monotrichous

what do you call the arrangement if the bacteria has single flagellum at one end

Lophotrichous

what do you call the arrangement if the bacteria has tuff or group of flagella on one end or both ends

Peritrichous

what do you call the arrangement if the bacteria is covered with flagella

Axial Filaments

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

hanging drop method

what method in demonstrating motility is used to best observe brownian movement?

PILI (FIMBRIA)

hairlike, proteinaceous structures that serve as adhesins that help bacteria attach to animal host cell surfaces, often as the first step in establishing infection