TAMU HIST 105 Exam 2 Bach

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Farmers uprising due to taxes and foreclosed farms; convinced many political leaders to strengthen the national government to provide stability and order

Father of the Constitution

James Madison

Virginia Plan

Bicameral legislature, representation in the House based on population, Senate would be elected by the state legislatures

New Jersey Plan

All the states get an equal vote

The Great Compromise

House based on population, Senate gets two representatives per state

Three-Fifths Clause

Enhanced the South's power and representation; counted slaves as three-fifths of a free man

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures

Federalist Interpretation of the Constitution

loose, broad

Democratic-Republican Interpretation of the Constitution

strict

Debt Assumption Plan

Hamilton suggests the government assumes all the debt of the Revolutionary War; plans to finance the debt thru bonds sold to the rich

First Bank of the United States

Madison and Jefferson (DR's) against it, not in Constitution; Hamilton says implied power; North for it, South against it

Compromise of 1790

The capital would be located on the Potomac River if the government would assume the state war debts

Federalist Ideologies

Based in the NE; favored a centralized government and the Bank; support for urbanization, industry, and commerce; feared excessive democracy and common people

Democratic-Republican Ideologies

Based in the South and West; favored states' rights and opposed the Bank; support for a decentralized, agrarian republic; support for democracy and equality; faith in the common people

Citizen Genet

French ambassador; came to Charleston, took over four American ships and attacked British ships; promoted frontiersmen to attack Spanish settlements; created tension with U.S. and the French

Jay's Treaty (1794)

British seized ships going to France; John Jay, SC justice, sent to Britain; decided that U.S. would not trade with French in U.S. ports; Britain happy with the U.S. in terms of trading

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Farmers mad about tax on alcohol; armed rebellion in VA; army led by Washington put it down; Federalists wanted the rebellion put down and the power of the federal government shown

Washington's Achievements

Prevented new republic from falling apart; organization of a national government; recovery of territory from Britain and France; stabilization of the NW; prosperous economy; farewell address

The Quasi-War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800; The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796

Election of 1796

The first contested American presidential election.
Candidates:
John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
Results:
Adams was elected president while his opponent, Jefferson, was elected vice-president.
Historical Significance:
Led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from unnamed U.S. diplomats

Convention of 1800

A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities

Twelfth Amendment (1804)

Specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college; because of John Adams (DR) and Jefferson (Federalist)

Naturalization Act of 1790

restricted citizenship to "any alien, being a free white person" who had been in the U.S. for two years. In effect, it left out indentured servants, slaves, and most women

Alien Act (1798)

gave the president the power to order out of the country any foreigners and made it more difficult for foreigners to become citizen

Sedition Act and Espionage Act

passed by Congress that outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to "utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal or abusive language" critizing the government, the flag, or the military

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

States could nullify acts of Congress that impeded upon the First Amendment

Election of 1800

Jefferson chosen by House b/c Burr tied in electoral votes; defeats Adams, first peaceful, orderly transfer of power via competitive elections

Jeffersonian Republicanism

Market economy developed; westward movement increased; population growth; population became richer and more geographically mobile

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review; struck down the Judiciary Act of 1789

Judiciary Act of 1789

legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system

Jefferson's Domestic Policies

Left Hamilton's economic program alone; cut military budget in half; repealed whiskey tax; reduced western land prices

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Federalists mad because Constitution said nothing about purchasing land; Senate ratified it; single greatest achievement of Jefferson's presidency

Essex Junto

A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by VP Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire; captured in 1807 and charged with treason; Marshall did not convict him as there was no proof, but reputation destroyed

Burr-Hamilton Duel

Burr mad at Hamilton for hurting career - killed Hamilton

Jefferson's Foreign Policy

Banned the importation of slaves; Barbary pirates; British impressment

Embargo Act of 1807

Prohibited U.S. ships from leaving for any foreign port; devastated the New England economy; imports dropped terribly

Ideological Role Reversal

Federal government regulated economy didn't go well; Federalists changed their narrative on big government

Reasons for War of 1812

British shipping raids and impressment; honor; British-allied Native attacks; lust for land; extend America into Canada and Spanish Florida

Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy

Tecumseh believed many tribes needed to come together to push back the Americans; his brother, the Prophet, preached the same; left his home to recruit Natives

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Repealed Jefferson's embargo; opened up trade with everyone but Britain and France

Battle of Tippecanoe

General William Henry Harrison got wind of Tecumseh's confederacy; took 1000 troops to Tecumseh's town and ransacked it

Invasion of Canada

Three pronged assault into Montreal, Detroit, and Niagara; complete failure

Battle of Queenston Heights (1812)

First major engagement between American and British forces during the War of 1812; was the result of an American attempt to establish a foothold on the Canadian side of the Niagara River

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)

U.S. defeated and captured six vessels of Britain's Royal Navy; ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, allowing the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break up Tecumseh's Indian Confederation

Battle of the Thames (1813)

William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada; won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh; resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

U.S. defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion; effectively neutralized the Native Americans as British allies; Jackson emerged as a war hero

Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)

Forced the Creek nation to give up millions of acres of their land

Battle of Lake Champlain (1814)

British fleet was defeated; abandoned their plans to invade New England and NY; British began to decide that the war was too costly

Fort McHenry

Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner".

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812; did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides)

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

British army attempted to take New Orleans; Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by opposition to the War of 1812; proposed six Constitutional amendments, but made Federalists seem treasonous; killed the party

Legacies of the War of 1812

U.S proved it could defend itself against a big power; increased American patriotism, U.S manufacturing grew, weakened Native American resistance; paved the way for westward expansion

Infrastructure in the 1800s

Evolved into roads, canals, railroads and steamboats

Erie Canal (1825)

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo; allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

New Inventions of the 1800s

Coal-powered mills, steam-powered engines, sewing machine (Elias Howe), vulcanized rubber, cotton gin

Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney, 1793)

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers; huge for the South and increased value of slavery; big for the North too

Preemption Act of 1830

Allowed squatters to stake out claims ahead of the land surveys

Graduation Act of 1854

Set exact amounts for unsold land's prices to be lowered over 30 years

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

Rural Life

Church was the center, social gatherings planned by women, farmers set up prayer meetings, funerals, weddings

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Irish and German Immigrants

Irish came because of potato famine; settled on Eastern seaboard; became racist alcoholics, loyal to the church, faced prejudice, supported Democrats
Germans were skilled workers and professionals; lots of Lutherans and Jews

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

No Nothing Party

Anti-immigration group that would say they "knew nothing" about their group

Horace Mann

"Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform

New Professions

Teaching, lawyers, physicians, engineers

Women in the Professional Workforce

Midwifery, nursing, and teaching

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

Stratification

Massive income gap between rich and poor; NYC high society

Paupers

Immigrants, widows, orphans; lost structures that sustained them; lived on the streets; survived by crime and charity

Rising Middle Class

Large and elaborate homes; cast-iron stoves; fastest growing class; changes in diet; well-ordered gender roles; limits to family size

Second Bank of United States

State banks in disarray after the First Bank expired; Madison advocates for a new bank; opened up sectional divisions; West against it, claiming it helped the East

Tariff of 1816

Taxed a lot of things; dominated political debates,; tended to benefit manufacturers more than consumers, and the NE more than the South

Cumberland road

A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois; first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)

Court ruled that the Constitution could remain the supreme law of the land ONLY IF the court could review and at times overturn the decisions of the states

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Ruled that a state court's decision is subject to review by the U.S. Supreme Court

Darthmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Sustained Dartmouth's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause; broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution

Henry Clay's American System

1. Protective Tariffs 2. National Bank 3. Internal Improvements

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion; Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States; end of the Era of Good Feelings

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

William Becknell

"Father of the Santa Fe Trail;" displaced Mexican merchants with his cheaper and superior goods in the New Mexico territory

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American Fur Company

Rocky Mountain Fur Company

Founded in 1822 in Saint Louis established by William Ashley and Andrew Henry

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Limited the amount of ships on the Great Lakes of both states

Convention of 1818

Secured all of the land along the 49th parallel from Minnesota to the Pacific Ocean

First Seminole War

British, Americans, and Natives were fighting in Florida; Jackson sent an army down; captured and executed British citizens

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) aka Transcontinental Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States