Exam 2 biochem review

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24 Terms

1

Carbohydrates

Molecules rich in hydroxyl groups that provide energy and act as cell-cell recognition signals.

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2

Catabolism

The breakdown of molecules to obtain energy.

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3

Anabolism

The synthesis of compounds needed by cells.

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4
Aldose
A monosaccharide with an aldehyde group.
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5
Ketose
A monosaccharide with a ketone group.
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6
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars that are either aldehydes or ketones with 2 or more hydroxyl groups.
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7
Glycoproteins
Proteins with carbohydrates attached, important in cellular recognition.
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8
Lectins
Carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize specific carbohydrates on other cells.
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9
Glycolysis
The metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP.
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10
Lactose Intolerance
Inability to digest lactose due to lack of lactase enzyme, leading to fermentation.
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11
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during glycolysis.
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12
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP generation from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, powered by an electrochemical gradient.
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13

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

An allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase, stimulating glycolysis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

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14
Glucagon
Hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis and increases blood glucose levels.
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15
Insulin
Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake.
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16
Pyruvate carboxylase
Enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis.
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17
Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)
Key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis, inhibited by ATP and citrate.
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18
Energy charge
The fraction of ATP relative to the total adenine nucleotides, important for metabolic regulation.
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19
Hyperglycemia
Condition of elevated blood sugar levels, often linked with diabetes.
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20
Hypoglycemia
Condition of low blood sugar levels, potentially leading to dizziness or fainting.
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21
McArdle Disease
A glycogen storage disease caused by a deficiency in muscle phosphorylase.
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22
Gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate and amino acids.
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23
Allosteric Regulation
A process where the function of an enzyme is modified by the binding of an effector molecule.
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24

Hydrogen Test

Diagnostic test for lactose intolerance measuring hydrogen levels in breath after lactose consumption.

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