Diversity of Eukaryotic Life: Plants - Non-Flowering Vascular Plants

Bryophytes

_____________ were the dominant vegetation for the 1st 100 million years of plant evolution.

Lycophytes, monilophytes

The extensive Paleozoic forests of __________ & ____________ removed atmospheric CO2 in large quantities and may have contributed to global temperature decline at the end of the Carboniferous.

Seedless vascular

________ ___________ plants exhibit alternations of generations, dependent embryos, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems.

Flagellated sperm

Like bryophytes, some vascular plants have ______ ________ and are mostly restricted to moist shaded habitats.

xylem, phloem

what is vascular tissue?

sporophyte

Vasular tissue allows the _________ to be independent of the gametophyte.

support

vascular tissue provides ______ and allows sporophytes to grow tall

water, nutrients, lignin

xylem conducts mostly______ and _________; cell walls are strengthen with ________>

hormones

phloem conducts mostly organic C produces by photosynthesis & transports plant __________.

vascular tissue

vascular plants have leaves: a leaf has ___________ _______.

mircophyll,megaphyll

what are the two leaf types?

microphyll

spine shaped with singular vein, found in only one group of seedless vascular plants (lycophytes)

megaphyll

leaves that have highly branched veins found in all other vascular plants (magnoliophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

lycophytes

early diverging lineage of seedless vascular plants w/ microphylls

monilophytes

lineage of seedless vascular plants w/ megaphylls

gymnosperms

vascular plants w/ megaphyllls and seeds produced in cones

early diverging

lycophytes are _____ -________ lineage.

lycophytes, monilophytes

what are the 2 lineages of flowering vascular plants (no seeds)?

dichotomous branching

the lycophyte

naked

gymnosperms have _______ seeds.

vessel

angiosperms have _____ seeds, they are encased (aka fruit).

roots

most vascular plants have _____________ to anchor plant and to absorb water and nutrients from soil.

heterospory

two kinds of N spores are made by meiosis

megaspores

haploid (N) female __________s that germinate into a N gametophyte

microspores

haploids (N) male ___________that germinate into a N gametophytes.

homospory

produces one type of spore

moniliophytes, lycophytes

what linages produce one type of spore that grows into a bisexual gametophyte that produces both antheridia and archegonia

eusporangiate

ferns that produce few spores

leptosporangiate

ferns that produce more spores

gymnosperm

naked seeds

angiosperms

vessel seeds = “fruit”, encased seeds

late paleozoic

when was the emergence of vascular plants with seeds?

seeds

contains a 2N sporophyte embryo with an N food supply (endosperm) and surround by a protective 2N seed coat

seed coat

out ______ is derived from sporophyte (2N)

heterospory

two kinds of N a spore are made by meiosis

microspores

2N cell in microsporangia undergoes meiosis to produce haploid (N) male __________________ (pollen grain).

megaspores

2N cell in megasporangia under goes meiosis to produce haploid (N) female _______________.

advantages of seed plants

• spores are dispersed only after maturation

• gametophytes within ovules and pollen cones develop within the sporangium of the parental plant and are protected from environmental stress and water loss.

• pollen can be more widely dispersed (by wind)

• sperm doesn’t need water in which to swim

evolutionary advantages

• seeds protect embryos

• seeds provide embryo with food (nutrition from female gametophyte)

• seeds disperse embryos to new locations (by wind and gravity in gymnosperms)

• seeds allow some embryo to remain dormant for years until there are favorable conditions for germination

gymnosperms

______________ appear earlier than angiosperms in the fossil record during the late Paleozoic and were dominant land plants in the dryer and cooler mesozoic era

pinecone

ovulate cone

pollen cones

soft male cone

4n haploid microspores

2N cones with microsporangia produces ____ _________ _____________.

2 nuclei

how many nuclei does pollen grains have

pines and redwood

two types of conifers

conifer

“cone bearer”

needlies

pine have ______ leaves

scales

redwood have _____ leaves

cycads

what is the second largest group of gymnosperms after the conifers?