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Max Weber said the driving force for change is …
Religion
Main values in sociological research
Replication, value-free, Objective, systematic observation
the debate over the purpose of sociological research is usually framed in
Applied Sociology and Pure Sociology
Harriet Martineau published what and is an example of what in the early sociological field
“Society in America”, and Sexism is early sociology
Applied Sociology and Pure Sociology is a struggle between what two ideas
Social Reform and Sociological Analysis
Basic Sociology
Looking for answers, try to understand society, for other sociologists.
Public Sociologists
For the public good by engaging with communities and addressing social issues.
Applied Sociologists
Used to solve specific problem
Theory -
General statement about how some parts of the world fit together
Symbolic Interaction
Society is composed of symbols and how we interact with one another
Example of symbolic interaction
Language, Gestures, signs, facial expressions, uniforms, and character titles
Fuctionalism
Society is viewed as composed of various parts like a body, in which every part plays a role and is necessary for the stability and functioning of the whole.
Examples of Fuctionalism
Education, family, jobs, religion, and criminal justice system
Manifest Functions
Intended consequences, good and bad, of an action
Latent Functions
Unintended consequences of an action
Conflict Theory
Compete against other groups for scarce resources, power and control
Nature vs Nurture
The debate regarding if biological or enviormental factors are the source of human behavior
Socialization
The process in which people learn the rules, characteristics, and norms of their groups
What are the basics of Cooley and the looking glass
We imagine how we appear to others, interpret others reaction, and develop self-concepts
When does Self-Concept begin and end
Begins in childhood and never ends, it is a development throughout our lifetime
Meads three stages of Self-Development
Imitation, Play, and Team Games
Main forces of socialization into gender
Gender Messages in the family, in peers, and mass media (i.e Movies, TV, Video Games, Ads, News
Language
Componations of characters that can be combined infinitly to create speech
why is language important
Allows Human experience to be cumulative, provides social and shared past & future. Allows shared perspective, complex shared goal directed behaviors
Values
The standard by which people define what is desirable or not, good, bad, beauty, ugly
Norms
Expectation of rules of behavior that reflect and enforce values
Sanctions
Expressions of approval or disapproval, given to people for upholding or violating norms
Positive and Negative sanctions
Rewards and punishments
Folkways and Mores
Folkways are little things considered rude or annoying, Mores are violations of morals and are big and taken very seriously like crimes.
Taboo
A norm so strong it often brings revulsion
Sub-Culture
Values and behaviors that distiguise groups from larger groups
Counter Culture
Against main culture
Cultural universals
Courtship, marriage (These differ), funeral, games, child rearing,laws
Cultural lag
Society progresses slower than technology does
Cultural diffusion
Spread of culture to others
Cultural leveling
Cultural become similar
Global expressions of emotion
Anger, disgust, fear, Happy, Sad, Suprise
Agents of Socialization
people or groups of people that affect our self-actualization, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations
Main agents of socialization
Family & Social Class (The first and most impactful), Neiborhood, Religion, Day-Care, The school,
Re-socialization
The process of learning new norms, values, atttitudes, and behaviors
Types of re-socializations
Mild - New Boss
Intense - Alcholics Anonymous
Total Institutions - Prison
stages of Socialization throughout life
Childhood, adolescence, transitional adulthood, middle years, older years, later older years
Social Structure through macro perspective
Framework that instills ourselves, behind us. Behavior determined by place in structure
Statuses
the position we occupy in the structure
What are the two types of statuses
Ascribed and Achieved
Examples of Ascribed statuses
Family titles, Race titles, Gender titles
Example of achieved titles
Professional titles, marriage, academic titles
Master Statuses
A status that cuts through all other statuses like race or gender
Role
Behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to a given status, and what we expect someone with that status to accomplish.
Groups
Soemthing in common, what they have in common is equally important
Social institutions
Organized ways by which society meets it’s needs
Purpose of scoial instituion base on the functionalist perspective
Replace member, socialize new members, produce and distribute goods and services, perserve laws and order, and providing sense of purpose
Social Institutions from the conflict perspective
Powerful groups control institutions, small group garner lion’s share of wealth, Social institutions affect gender relations, main purpose is to perserve social order
Micro perspective in symbolic interaction
Symbols people use to communicate, how we look at things, how it affects our behavior and orientations to life
Stereotypes
Assumptions of what people are like, true or false. Classifies others by visible characteristics, ideas about characteristics guide our behavior
Dramaturgy
Social life analyzed in terms of drama or the stage
Impression managment
People’s efforts to control the impressions that others recieve of them
What does “The stage” represent
The front stage represents what we show others, the back stage is the thought and actions that we make in private to prepare for “the act”
Thomas Theorem ideas on reality
If people define a situation as real, it is real in it’s consequences
Social construction of Reality
The use of background assumptions and life experience to define what is real
