separation techniques

Magnetic Attraction

Separates magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones, like removing iron filings from a mixture.

Filtration

Separates insoluble solids from liquids using filter paper and a funnel, producing residue and filtrate.

Evaporation to Dryness

Removes solvent by heating, leaving behind the soluble solid, not suitable for heat-sensitive solutes.

Crystallisation

Separates soluble solids from a solution by forming crystals, used for substances sensitive to heat.

Simple Distillation

Separates a single liquid from a solution by boiling off the solvent, with precautions like using boiling chips.

Fractional Distillation

Separates miscible liquids with different boiling points using a fractionating column.

Separating Funnel

Separates immiscible liquids based on densities, like oil from water.

Paper Chromatography

Separates solutes based on solubility in a solvent, with precautions like keeping spots above the solvent level.

Solid-Solid Mixtures

Separated by Magnetic Attraction, Sieving, or Hand Sorting based on magnetic properties or particle sizes.

Solid-Liquid Mixtures

Separated by Filtration, Evaporation, or Crystallisation based on solid dissolution in liquid.

Liquid-Liquid Mixtures

Separated by Fractional Distillation for miscible liquids or a Separating Funnel for immiscible liquids.

Applications of Separation Techniques

Used in Water Treatment, Food Safety, and Waste Management for purification and recycling.

Water as a Precious Resource

Due to Population Growth, Climate Change, and Pollution affecting water availability and safety.

Singapore's Water Sustainability

Achieved through NEWater, Desalination, Rainwater Harvesting, and Water Conservation Initiatives.