SLHS 3410 - Quiz 1 (intro to articulatory phonetics and phonology)

Phonetics

The study of the perception and production of speech sounds (including motor and acoustic properties) / the study of speech, sounds, their properties, and how they are produced

Phonology

The organization of speech sounds in the production of language

International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA)

Represents the sounds of words, not their spellings

Graphemes

- Letters are graphemes, whereas speech sounds are phonemes

- Through → 7 graphemes / 3 phonemes

Allographs

- Different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound

- Loop / through / threw / fruit / canoe

Digraphs

- The same two letters or two different letters

- Hoot / heed

- Shoe / steak

Morphemes

The smallest unit of language capable of conveying meaning

Phonemes

Speech sounds capable of differentiating meaning

Allophones

- Variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme

- "little"

Free Morphemes

- Stand alone and carry meaning

- cat / dog / chair / book

Bound Morphemes

- Carry no meaning when they stand alone

- pre / post / re / s

Minimal pairs

- The words that vary by only one phoneme

- cat / bat

- dog / hog

Pulmonic Consonants

- Produced with an airstream from the lungs

- All english consonants are pulmonic, however some languages use consonants that are non-pulmonic

LOOK AT CHARTS IN MODULE 1 : MORPHEMES, PHONEMES, AND ALLOPHONES

:)

Vowels

- Phonemes that are produced with no constrictions in the vocal tract

- The location of each vowel symbol roughly approximates the location of the tongue within the oral cavity during production of each vowel

Diacritics

Symbols that are used in conjunction with consonant and vowel symbols to represent a specific way of producing a consonant or vowel

Unreleased Stop [P]

- A commonly used diacritic

- "Cup"

- Can be added to any stop phoneme, such as /p/, /b/, or /t/, to signal that the air was not released at the end of the phoneme

Aspirated Stop [t ʰ]

- Occurs when a voiceless stop is released and there is audible frication noise from the released airstream

- "Top" vs. "last"

Suprasegmentals

- Used to indicate stress, intonation and tempo of utterances

- (ˈ) can be used to denote primary syllable or sentence stress

- This suprasegmental is used when transcribing words to indicate the syllable that contains the primary stress

- The suprasegmental (ː) is used to denote a lengthened phoneme

Allophones

- Variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme

- Some phonemes may be produced more forward or back because of the vowel that occurs before or after it

- "Pit" vs. "spit"

Broad Transcription

- -Also referred to as phonemic transcription

- Makes no attempt at allophonic variation

- This type of transcription uses slashes: / /

Narrow Transcription

- Also referred to as allophonic transcription

- Uses specialized symbols, called diacritics, to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant during transcription

- This type of transcription uses brackets: [ ]

Systematic Transcription

- Requires very thorough knowledge of the sound system of the language being transcribed

- Depending on the inclusion or exclusion of allophonic variation, systematic transcription can be either broad or narrow

Impressionistic Transcription

- Used when transcribing an unknown sound system

- This is used when transcribing a language with which you are not familiar or a child with a severe speech delay

- Brackets still used

Syllables

- Comprised of at least a vowel

- English syllables have two components : onset and rime

Onset

- Includes the consonant or consonants that precede a vowel

- /d/ in dog

- /str/ in street

- Not all words have an onset

Rime

- The letters that follow the onset

- "oad" in broad

- Divided into the nucleus and coda

Nucleus

- Typically a vowel

- In the word dog the nucleus is associated with the grapheme o

- "oi" in coin

Coda

- Includes consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus

- In the word dog the g is the coda and in the word street the final t is the coda

- It is also possible for there to be no coda

- Me and see

Syllables that end with no coda, or end with a vowel, are considered __________________________________

- open syllables

- me / see

Syllables that have a coda and end with a consonant are considered ______________________________

- closed syllables

- dog / cat

Diphthongs

- Two vowels as a nucleus

- /aɪ/

- /oʊ/

- /eɪ/

Primary Word Stress

- Perceived by the listener as longer in duration, higher in pitch, and — to a lesser extent — louder

- This increased emphasis is often referred to as word stress or lexical stress

Sister (SIS ter)

- Courageous (cou RA geous)

- The IPA symbol used to indicate primary stress is a raised mark

Speech is produced by the carefully controlled action of over 100 pairs of muscles in the abdomen, chest, neck, and head, belonging to three functional systems

True

Respiratory system

Provides the force (breath stream) used to create speech

Laryngeal System

Aka phonatory system, provides phonated sound (voicing; voiced sounds)

Supralaryngeal (pharyngeal, oral, & nasal) system

Aka the articulatory and resonatory system, creates individual phonemes

Thoracic Cavity

- The framework of the respiratory system

- Includes the ribcage and sternum (breastbone) / diaphragm and lungs

Primary Muscles of the Respiratory System

diaphragm and intercostals

Supplemental Muscles of the Respiratory System

Multiple abdominal, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle, back (thoracic), sternum, and cervical (neck) muscles are involved when trying to "squeeze" last amounts of air from lungs

Respiratory patterns - Quiet (rest) breathing

- 40% inhalation

- 60% exhalation

- "Pear shaped breathing"

- Primarily involves the diaphragm for contraction

Respiratory patterns - Speech

Speech of normal loudness involves quick inhalation (10% of cycle) and sustained exhalation (90% of cycle)

Respiratory patterns - Inappropriate Usage

Speaking on too little air (clavicular/chest breathing), results from only filling the upper portion of lungs

Clavicular (paradoxical) breathing

Involves over-activation of the sternocleidomastoid and other shoulder muscles with lesser activation of the diaphragm

Larynx

An air valve located within the front of the neck

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

- Thyroarytenoids

- Lateral cricoarytenoids

- Posterior cricoarytenoids

- Interarytenoids and cricothyroids

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

- Suprahyoid muscles

- Subhyoid (or infrahyoid) muscles

Fundamental frequency

The rate of vocal fold vibration (fo)

Hertz (Hz)

The number of vibrations (vibratory cycles) per second

Pitch

- Perceptual (subjective) quality

- Low pitch is a result of low fundamental frequency, and high pitch from high fo

Intonation

Refers to a speaker's continuous fundamental frequency changes during conversational speech

Prosody

An individual language's unique rhythmic or melodic pattern

The framework of the laryngeal system

- Larynx

- Only includes on bone : the hyoid

- Thyroid cartilages (Adam's apple)

- Cricoid cartilage

- Arytenoid cartilage

- Epiglottis

- Trachea

Primary Muscles : The Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

- Thyroarytenoids, which form the body of the vocal folds.

- Lateral cricoarytenoids, which close (adduct) the vocal folds

- Posterior cricoarytenoids, which open (abduct) the vocal folds

- Interarytenoids and cricothyroids, which further adjust laryngeal tension

Primary Muscles : The Supplemental Muscles

- Suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid in the cervical/neck, tongue, and floor of the mouth.

- Subhyoid (or infrahyoid) muscles, located below the hyoid bone. — also known as the thoracic/sternal muscles — located in the lungs

Primary Muscles - Phonation

Created by the vibration of the vocal folds

The framework of the supralaryngeal system

- Forms the oral cavities, nasal cavities, and passageway leading to the larynx and esophagus

- Mandible, or lower jaw

- Maxillae (upper jaw), which includes the hard palate (roof of mouth) and alveolar process (bony ridge in which teeth are socketed)

- Pharynx, or throat. It directs airflow from the larynx to the oral and nasal cavities and can be divided into the laryngopharynx, oropharynx and nasaopharynx

- Nasal cavity, which is formed by the maxillae, vomer, and ethmoid bones

Pharyngeal Cavity

- Extends from the larynx upwards

- It is located behind the oral and nasal cavities

Oral Cavity

Surrounds and includes the tongue, jaws/teeth, and lips

Nasal Cavity

Separated from the oral cavity by the hard and soft palates and the nostrils

Floor muscles of mouth/oral cavity

These muscles form the floor/base of the oral cavity, and extend into the tongue, pharynx, and down to larynx/hyoid

Lingual (tongue) muscles

include both intrinsic (inside tongue) and extrinsic muscles, which extend from the tongue to other structures such as the hyoid and velum

Labial muscles

These muscles circle the lips (orbicularis oris) insert into them from all over the face — nose, eye, cheek, sides, and mandible

Jaw muscles

Elevate and depress the mandible — or lower jaw

Pharyngeal muscles

Set the dimensions of pharynx by constricting and expanding

Velar muscles

Raise, lower, and/or tense the velum and uvula in conjunction with other muscles

Articulators: Mandible

Mostly helps position the tongue and lower lip

Articulators: Tongue

- The apex (tip) is located nearest the front teeth when the tongue is at rest

- The blade is the surface region that lies behind the tip and below the alveolar ridge of the maxilla and the anterior hard palate

- The dorsum lies behind the blade and below the posterior hard palate and velum

- The root faces the back of the pharynx and front of the epiglottis

Articulators: Lips

Alter and produce sounds by opening, closing, and altering the shape of the opening (rounded/protruded, slotted)

Articulators: Teeth

Used by other articulators (e. g., tongue, lips) to stop or constrict airflow

Articulators: Celum / Uvula

Serves as a "valve" in the velopharyngeal port

Speech (normal rate / loudness)

- The articulators create a more open passageway, making these the "loudest" of phonemes

- Vowels - air flow continually during production

- Consonants - created by tighter constriction of passageways to airflow, causing audible turbulence/friction (continuants/ fricatives), momentarily complete blockage of airflow causing audible explosive release of air (stops/plosives), or a combination of the two patterns (affricates)

Speech (fast)

Characterized by shorter excursion/movement of the articulators

Inappropriate usage

Characterized by improper positioning of the articulators