Microbial Growth, Sterilization, and Antimicrobial Therapy

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering heat-based and chemical microbial control, filters, and antimicrobial therapy concepts from the lecture notes.

Moist heat sterilization methods include boiling, pressurized steam, and an __.

autoclave

HTST pasteurization stands for high-temperature __ time.

short

Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization uses a higher temperature for about __ seconds.

two

Sterilization aims to all microbes.

kill

Sterilization is achieved via filters with pore sizes of about __ microns.

0.2

Ultrafiltration filters trap bacteria and viruses with pores around __ microns.

0.01

Nanofiltration pores are about __ microns.

0.001

HEPA filters are effective at trapping particles in air with sizes down to about __ microns.

0.3

Gamma radiation is a powerful sterilization method but is generally __ and used by large manufacturers.

expensive

UV light cannot penetrate __ substances.

clear

Biosafety cabinets use a __ filter to clean incoming and outgoing air.

HEPA

Sterilants represent the highest level of chemical control and can achieve __.

sterility

Ethanol and isopropanol disrupt membranes and proteins.

denature

Chlorhexidine is an active ingredient in many __ products.

antiseptic

Halogens, such as bleach, work mainly by proteins.

oxidizing

Iodine is a commonly used __ in medical settings.

halogen

Pseudomonas is notable for being __-drug resistant.

multidrug

The therapeutic index TI is defined as TD50/ED50; a larger TI implies a safety margin.

wider

Broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria; narrow-spectrum antibiotics affect a range.

narrow

Broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause by disrupting the normal microbiome.

dysbiosis

In antibiotic testing, the zone of inhibition indicates the of bacteria to the drug.

susceptibility

Combination drug interactions can be antagonistic, additive, or .

synergistic

The penicillin-binding protein is also known as __.

transpeptidase

Beta-lactams competitively bind to the __, preventing cross-link formation.

penicillin-binding protein

Beta-lactams are most effective when bacteria are in the __ phase.

log

Methicillin was developed to resist inactivation by __.

beta-lactamase

Vancomycin is effective against only __ bacteria.

gram-positive

Glycopeptides prevent cross-linking by binding to the amino acids between glycan chains; example is __.

vancomycin

Bacitracin inhibits the flipping of bactoprenol during transport of Nag-Nam units and has a very low __ index.

therapeutic

Sulfa drugs are analogs of __ and inhibit dihydropteroate synthase.

PABA

The combination drug name is __.

sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Penicillin G is mostly effective against __ bacteria and was not effective orally due to low pH.

gram-positive

Penicillin V is similar in activity to penicillin G but is stable enough to be taken __.

orally

Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin have increased through outer membrane via aquaporin.

hydrophilicity

Methicillin-resistant bacteria have an altered that reduces beta-lactam binding.

penicillin-binding protein

Tetracyclines inhibit the 30S ribosomal subunit; an example is doxycycline and another is __.

tetracycline

Levofloxacin is an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic in the __ class.

fluoroquinolone

Bacteria resist antibiotics via efflux pumps that pump drugs __.

out of the cell

Biofilms contribute to antibiotic resistance by creating a protective around bacteria.

biofilm

FDA-approved sprays on meat products use that target E. coli or Salmonella.

bacteriophages