MODULE 10:PERSONALITY

Personality

refers to individual differences in characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving, according to American Psychol

temperament

refers to hereditary aspects of personality such as sensitivity, irritability , distractibility, and typical mood. It is considered "raw material" from which personality is formed.

personality structure

refers to the persistent unique features that can give coherence to personality.

idiographic approach

concerned with the aspect of personality that are unique to individual and the characteristics that people share with others on a particular group or with all human being

nomothetic approach

attempts to describe psychological element which are presumed to be common to all individuals.-

personality theory

a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality.

trait

defined as habitual pattern of behavior, thought, and emotion.

Gordon Allport Traits Theory

emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and the internal cognitive as well as motivational processes that influence behavior.

common traits

personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture.

individual traits

it is a person's unique qualities or own personality type

cardinal traits

it is a rare trait that dominates your entire personality

openess

referring to individuals who are being open-minded and open to new ideas.

conscientious

means a person who wish to do what is right

extroversion

a behavior where someone enjoys being around with people more than being alone.

agreeableness

this is a trait of a person who finds pleasure in helping others and more likely empathetic.

neuroticism

defined as tendency toward anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and other negative feelings

ID

made up of innate biological instincts and urges. it seeks pleasure and also responds to needs.

Ego

describe as the "executive"; balance out ID and superego and make decisions that won't cause damage.

superego

serve as an " internalized parent" to bring behavior under control. It acts to keep and follow the rules of society.

drive

any stimulus strong enough to goad a person to action.

cues

signal from the environment

humanistic theories

takes more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how a person can achieve their individual potential

response

this is brought by signal

reward

this is a result of response

behavioral personality theories

emphasizes that personality is a collection of learned behavior pattern.

Habits

based on behavioral view personality by John Dollard and Neal Miller, it makes up the structure of personality

Subjective Method

a measurement of personality that composed observation, case study method, interview, autobiography.

objective methods of personality

a measurement that tends to eliminate subjectivity to interpretation. it includes rating scales, check list controlled observation, sociogram, and personality inventories.

controlled observation

controlled conditions used to study certain aspect of personality.

sociogram

it measures sociability and the relationship of the subject.

personality inventories

refers to individual's written account of past behavior, feelings, and wishes

myers-briggs type indicator (MBTI)

a popular objective test that measures psychological preferences for how people perceive the world and make decisions. it identifies 16 personality along four scales.

projective methods

technique use to project internal feelings of the subject to an external object

thematic apperception test

developed by morgan and muray, it consists of 30 cards depicting ambiguous drawing then test takes will be asked to tell a story about each picture that will led to feelings anf thought of the characters

rorschach's ink-blot test

created by herman rorschach, dribbling ink on paper and then folding over the paper to create a symmetrical design. then subject states what they see and asked which part they focused on which led them to that answer.

projective questionnaire

subject is given a series of questions to answer on his own ways.

sentence completion test

test takers will be presented series of incomplete sentence to be complete in one or more words.

word association test

a psycho-analytic method wherein subject is presented a list of words and asked to give the first word that comes to their minds

free association test

subject is allowed to talk for hours together and from it certain traits and behavioral problems are noted.

dream analysis

the dream of the subject is analyzed and unconscious behavior is interpreted.

validity

refers to whether or not a test actually measures the construct that it is meant to measure

reliability

refers to the degree to which test produces stable and consistent results.