mol bio 2 - lecture 1 false

A gene only consists of the transcribed sequence.

The text states that a gene consists not only of the transcribed sequence but also includes other adjacent sequences necessary for the production of the transcript, making this statement false.

Non-coding RNA molecules do not have any structural or functional roles.

The text specifies that non-coding RNA molecules have a structural or functional role, indicating that this statement is false.

Adjacent sequences to a gene are not necessary for the production of the transcript.

The text mentions that a gene includes other adjacent sequences that are necessary for the production of the transcript, making this statement false.

Enhancers are located downstream of the promoter in eukaryotic genes.

The text specifies that enhancers are part of the regulatory elements and are typically located upstream of the promoter, making this statement false.

Introns are present in the final mRNA product of eukaryotic genes.

The text refers to introns as part of the precursor mRNA (pre mRNA), which are spliced out before the final mRNA is produced, making this statement false.

DNA has significant functionality in the cell beyond storing genetic data.

The text states that DNA on its own has little functionality in the cell beyond storing genetic data, indicating that its primary role is to store information rather than perform cellular functions.

Gene expression refers to the process of storing genetic data in DNA.

The text implies that gene expression involves the expression of information stored in DNA, rather than the storage itself, which is a separate function of DNA.

Gene products include only proteins.

The text specifies that gene products include both proteins and RNAs, making the statement false.

Functional/structural non-coding RNAs are not considered gene products.

The text indicates that functional/structural non-coding RNAs are included as gene products, making the statement false.

GAPDH is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cell division.

The text states that 'GAPDH: Gene encoding glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase,' which is involved in glycolysis, not specifically in cell division, making this statement false.

Expression of facultative genes can only be turned on, not off.

The text indicates that the expression of facultative genes can be turned on (activated) or off (repressed), so it is incorrect to say they can only be turned on.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically categorize it as a method for visualizing gene expression data, which is a separate aspect.

Gene expression regulation only occurs at the transcriptional level.

The text specifies multiple levels of gene expression regulation, including chromatin, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational, making this statement false.

The level of transcription is not controlled by the cell.

The text clearly mentions that the level of transcription is controlled by the cell, which means the statement is false.

Transcription is the process of generating DNA from RNA.

The text does not support this statement; instead, transcription is the process of generating RNA from DNA, making this statement false.

Liver enzymes are expressed in all tissues of the body.

The text provides the example that liver enzymes are expressed only in the liver, which contradicts the statement that they are expressed in all tissues.

The genes of the bacterial lac operon are expressed when glucose is present and lactose is absent.

The text states that the genes of the bacterial lac operon are expressed only when lactose is present and glucose is absent, making the statement false.

All mRNAs are equally stable and have the same degradation rates.

The text mentions that RNAs vary widely in their stability, which contradicts the statement that all mRNAs are equally stable.

Most human genes produce only one type of mRNA.

The text indicates that most human genes produce multiple different mRNAs from the same gene by alternative processing, which means this statement is false.

Post transcriptional regulation is not related to gene expression.

The text discusses post transcriptional regulation in the context of gene expression, making this statement false.

Addition of prosthetic groups is not a type of post translational modification.

The text explicitly states that the addition of prosthetic groups, such as heme to hemoglobin, is a form of post translational modification, making this statement false.

Protein targeting occurs before protein synthesis.

The text indicates that many proteins are targeted to specific organelles after or during synthesis, which means this statement is false as it suggests targeting occurs before synthesis.

Protein degradation is an unregulated process.

The text states that protein degradation is a regulated process, which directly contradicts the statement, making it false.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method used exclusively for quantifying gene expression.

While RT PCR is a method for quantifying gene expression, the text does not state that it is used exclusively for this purpose, as it is part of a broader set of techniques.

Transcriptional assays are not relevant for determining gene expression.

The text includes transcriptional assays as a method for determining gene expression, indicating their relevance.

Northern blot is not an assay for detecting RNA transcripts.

The text explicitly mentions Northern blot as one of the assays for detecting RNA transcripts, making this statement false.

RNA seq (Transcriptome sequencing) is not based on hybridization with probes.

The text states that these methods, including RNA seq, are based on hybridization with probes, making this statement false.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method that can be used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically state that it is used for visualizing gene expression data, making this statement false.

Before a nucleic acid probe can hybridize with a target nucleic acid, the target does not need to be denatured.

The text specifies that the target nucleic acid must be denatured before hybridization can occur, indicating that this statement is false.

RNA cannot be denatured to remove secondary structures that might inhibit hybridization.

The text mentions that RNA can also be denatured to remove secondary structures, which means this statement is false.

RNA secondary structures cannot be unfolded with heat.

The text mentions that 'RNA secondary structures can be unfolded with heat and/or chemicals,' indicating that RNA can indeed be unfolded with heat, making this statement false.

Unhybridized probe is kept during the washing step in nucleic acid detection.

The text indicates that unhybridized probe is washed away, meaning it is not retained during the process, which is essential for accurate detection.

Complementarity to the target is not important in the hybridization process.

The text implies that complementarity to the target is crucial for successful hybridization, as it is a fundamental principle of the detection method.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically state that it is used for visualizing gene expression data, making this statement false.

Strong or multiple signals in RNA FISH indicate that a gene is poorly expressed.

The text indicates that strong or multiple signals correspond to lots of transcripts for that gene, which means it is highly expressed, not poorly expressed. Therefore, this statement is false.

Weak or few signals in RNA FISH suggest that a gene is highly expressed.

The text specifies that weak or few signals indicate few transcripts, which means the gene is poorly expressed, not highly expressed. Thus, this statement is false.

DAPI indicates the position of the mitochondria.

The text specifies that DAPI indicates the position of the nucleus, not the mitochondria, making this statement false.

DAPI is used to stain RNA in cells.

The text does not mention DAPI being used to stain RNA; it specifically states that DAPI binds DNA, making this statement false.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method that can be used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically state that it is used for visualizing gene expression data, making this statement false.

The RNA sample used in a northern blot contains only mRNAs from the cells or tissues.

The text specifies that the RNA sample contains all RNAs from the cells or tissue, or a subset like just mRNAs, indicating that it is not limited to only mRNAs.

A non-radioactive probe was used to detect GAPDH mRNA in the northern blot.

The text specifies that a radioactive probe complementary to the GAPDH mRNA was used, indicating that the probe was indeed radioactive, not non-radioactive.

RNA is boiled in a denaturing solution to maintain its secondary structures.

The text specifies that RNA is boiled in a denaturing solution to 'unfold any secondary structures,' indicating that the purpose is to disrupt, not maintain, these structures.

Nitrocellulose membranes can bind to double-stranded nucleic acids.

The text states that nitrocellulose can bind to 'single stranded nucleic acids (RNA, denatured DNA and proteins),' which means it does not bind to double-stranded nucleic acids, making this statement false.

Molecular biology does not involve the study of gene inheritance.

The text mentions that molecular biology examines gene inheritance and function, indicating that this statement is false.

Molecular biology is solely focused on the study of proteins.

The text indicates that molecular biology examines the relationship between genes and proteins, but it is not solely focused on proteins, making this statement false.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means this statement is false.

RT PCR is a method for visualizing gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique mentioned in the context of studying gene expression, it is primarily used for detecting and quantifying RNA rather than visualizing data, making this statement false.

The position of RNA fragments on the membrane does not match their previous positions on the gel.

The text indicates that 'The position of RNA fragments on the membrane matches their previous positions on the gel,' which means this statement is false.

The Northern blot method involves visible bands of RNA on the membrane.

The text states that the bands of RNA are invisible on the membrane, which contradicts the statement that they are visible, making this statement false.

Unhybridized probe should be left in the solution after hybridization.

The text instructs to 'Wash away unhybridized probe,' which means that unhybridized probe should not be left in the solution, making this statement false.

The washing conditions for the Northern Blot Analysis were not specified in the text.

The text states that hybridization and washing conditions were as described by the manufacturer, implying that the washing conditions are indeed specified, just not detailed in the text itself.

Loading controls are expected to change among samples.

The text specifies that the loading control is not expected to change among samples, indicating that it remains constant during the analysis.

A loading control is always based on a gene that is expected to change between samples.

The text indicates that loading controls are often based on a constitutively expressed gene whose expression is not expected to change between samples, contradicting the statement.

It is always technically and biologically possible to have loading controls as even as possible in northern blots.

The text indicates that while one aims to have loading controls as even as possible, it is not always technically or biologically possible, making this statement false.

Quantification of signals in molecular biology techniques can only be done manually without the use of digital images.

The text mentions that quantification is often done by obtaining a digital image that can be analyzed by computer, indicating that manual quantification is not the only method available.

Experiments should be repeated at least five times to ensure accuracy in the results.

The text specifies that experiments should be repeated at least three times, not five, to ensure accuracy, making this statement false.

The ratio for quantification is obtained by dividing the control signal by the gene signal.

The text indicates that the ratio is obtained by dividing the gene signal by the control signal, not the other way around, making this statement false.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method that can be used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically state that it is used for visualizing gene expression data, making this statement false.

Each gene on a DNA microarray is represented by a large area on a microscope slide.

The text specifies that each gene is represented by a tiny spot on a microscope slide, not a large area, making this statement false.

If a gene is expressed, its corresponding spot on the microarray will appear dark.

The text indicates that if a gene is expressed, its spot will appear fluorescent, not dark, which makes this statement false.

Dark spots on a DNA microarray represent genes that are expressed.

According to the text, dark spots represent genes that are not expressed, making this statement false.

Each spot on a microarray slide contains different sequences of oligonucleotides.

The text specifies that each spot contains oligonucleotides with the same sequence, indicating that this statement is false.

Each spot on a microarray slide contains only one copy of the oligonucleotide.

The text indicates that each spot contains multiple copies of the same oligonucleotide, making this statement false.

In a microarray experiment, only one sample is used for comparison.

The text specifies that microarrays are generally carried out by comparing gene expression in two samples: a control and an experimental sample, indicating that this statement is false.

The labeled RNA samples in a microarray are usually labeled with the same color fluorophore.

According to the text, the two sets of RNA are labeled using different color fluorophores (usually red and green), which means this statement is false.

Red spots in a microarray indicate higher expression in Sample 1.

The text specifies that red spots indicate higher expression in Sample 2, not Sample 1, making this statement false.

Yellow spots in a microarray indicate equal expression in both samples.

The text does not provide any information about yellow spots indicating equal expression; therefore, this statement cannot be confirmed as true.

Black spots in a microarray are mentioned in the context of expression levels.

The text lists black spots but does not provide any information about their significance in terms of expression levels, making this statement false.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method that can be used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically state that it is used for visualizing gene expression data, making this statement false.

RNA can be directly used as a template for PCR without any conversion.

The text clearly states that RNA cannot be used as a template for PCR and must first be converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase, making this statement false.

Conventional PCR cannot be used in conjunction with RT PCR.

The text mentions that either conventional PCR or quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used after the cDNA is synthesized, indicating that conventional PCR can indeed be used with RT PCR, making this statement false.

Electrophoresis is not a method used to analyze PCR products.

The text states 'Analyze the PCR products by electrophoresis or use qPCR', which indicates that electrophoresis is indeed a method used for analyzing PCR products, making this statement false.

qPCR does not use fluorescent dyes to detect and quantify double stranded DNA products.

The text clearly states that 'qPCR uses fluorescent dyes to detect and quantify the formation of double stranded DNA products during PCR reactions', making this statement false.

Only RNAs without a polyA sequence will be converted to cDNA using oligo dT primers.

The text indicates that only RNAs with a polyA sequence will be converted to cDNA, making this statement false.

All RNAs will be converted to cDNA regardless of their sequence.

The text clarifies that only RNAs with the specific sequence complementary to the gene specific primers will be converted to cDNA, indicating that not all RNAs will be converted, thus this statement is false.

The initial denaturation step in the PCR process lasts for 5 minutes.

According to the text, the initial denaturation step lasts for 10 minutes, not 5 minutes, making this statement false.

The PCR amplification process includes 40 cycles of amplification.

The text states that PCR was performed with 35 cycles of amplification, not 40 cycles, making this statement false.

RNA FISH is a technique used for detecting DNA.

The text specifies that RNA FISH is a technique for detecting RNA, not DNA, making this statement false.

RT PCR is not mentioned as a technique for studying gene expression.

The text explicitly mentions 'RT PCR' as one of the techniques for studying gene expression, indicating that this statement is false.

The most abundant RNAs in a sample are typically messenger RNAs (mRNAs).

The text specifies that the most abundant RNAs by far are ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), not messenger RNAs (mRNAs), making this statement false.

The vast majority of RNA transcripts in cells and tissues are mRNAs, accounting for 80-90%.

The text indicates that the vast majority (80-90%) of RNA transcripts are ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), not mRNAs, making this statement false.

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is unrelated to RNA Seq.

The text indicates that RNA Seq is a method of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), which means they are related, making the statement false.

Highly expressed genes will have fewer aligned sequenced fragments than genes that are not expressed.

The text indicates that highly expressed genes will have more aligned sequenced fragments than genes that are not expressed or are lowly expressed, making this statement false.

The alignment of sequenced fragments is performed manually.

The text specifies that the alignment is done through computer algorithms, indicating that it is not a manual process, thus making this statement false.

The diagram mentioned in the text shows the entire genome.

The text states that 'Only a tiny segment of the entire genome is shown in this diagram', which means the diagram does not represent the entire genome.

The experimental condition involved yeast cells that produce the Sub1 protein.

The text specifies that 'Sample 2: Experimental condition sub1Δ yeast cells were used,' indicating that these cells lack the gene for Sub1 and therefore cannot produce the protein.

The genes FIG1 and IMD2 are downregulated in the sub1Δ cells according to the results of the study.

The text states that 'Genes FIG1 and IMD2 are upregulated in the sub1Δ cells,' which means they are increased in expression, not downregulated.

The study suggests that Sub1 has no effect on the expression of genes in normal conditions.

The text implies that Sub1 does have an effect, as it inhibits the expression of genes FIG1 and IMD2 in normal conditions, which is the opposite of having no effect.

FISH can analyze more than 2 genes at once.

FISH typically analyzes 1 or 2 genes at once, as stated in the text.

The cost of FISH is high compared to other techniques.

The text indicates that the cost of FISH is low, contradicting the statement that it is high.

Microarray is still commonly used for examining the transcriptome of cells or tissues.

The text states that microarray is rarely used anymore as RNA seq has largely taken over, indicating it is not commonly used now.

RNA FISH is not a technique used for detecting RNA.

The text includes 'RNA FISH' as one of the techniques for detecting RNA, which means it is indeed used for this purpose.

RT PCR is a method that can be used to visualize gene expression data.

While RT PCR is a technique for studying gene expression, the text does not specifically mention it as a method for visualizing gene expression data, which is a separate aspect.