A&P chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Only up to 1-5 (not including body cavities 1-6 and after)

Anatomy

Describes the structures of the body; what they are made of, where they’re located, & associated structures. (study of internal & external body structures among other body parts; where a specific muscle attaches to a skeleton)

Physiology

Study of the functions of anatomical structure, & individual and cooperative functions; mechanism of the picture you see, working tgt. (how living organisms perform their vital functions; how a muscle contracts/what forces muscle contraction)

Types of Human Anatomy

Gross anatomy & Microscopic anatomy

Gross Anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures. Surface, Regional, Sectional, Systemic, Clinical, and Developmental anatomy.

Surface Anatomy

Gross anatomy; exterior features, outside, superficial

Regional Anatomy

Gross Anatomy; body areas, certain places, focuses of anatomical organization of specific body areas

Sectional Anatomy

Gross Anatomy; cross sections, cuts of meat (like ribeye), looking at cross sections of tissue or organ

Systemic Anatomy

Gross Anatomy; organ systems, looking at organs that function tgt.

Clinical Anatomy

Gross Anatomy; medical specialties, applications of structural and developmental human body knowledge to diagnosis, surgery, and direct patient care

Developmental Anatomy

Gross Anatomy; from conception to adulthood, including embryology, study of early development

Microscopic anatomy

examines cells and molecules, structures we cant see w/o magnification (Cytology, and Histology)

Cytology

Microscopic anatomy; study of cells, individual structure

Histology

Microscopic anatomy; study of tissues (combine to form organs)

Human Physiology

Cell, Organ, Systemic, Pathological physiology

Cell physiology

Human physiology; functions of cells, cell biology/metabolism, chemistry of cell; both chemical processes within cells & chemical interactions

Organ Physiology

Human physiology; functions of specific organs

Systemic physiology

Human physiology; functions of organ systems

Pathological physiology

Human physiology; effects of diseases on organs or systems (clinical physiology)

What do Physicians use to reach a diagnosis?

Scientific method; Evaluate observations, a patient may be present w/ signs, and symptoms, so they form a hypothesis, and test the hypothesis by collecting and analyzing data

Levels of Organization

higher levels of organization are more complex & more variable than lower levels, the bigger they get/adding each tgt, the most complex

Levels of Organization from simplest to most complex?

(Simple) Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ Level, Organ system level, Organism level (Complex)

Chemical level

Level of Organization (simplest); Atoms (the smallest stable units of matter), and Molecules (groups of atoms)

Cellular level

Level of Organization; Cells are the smallest living units in the body w/ organelles

Tissue level

Level of Organization; A tissue is a group of cells (similar) working together

Organ level

Level of Organization; Organs are made of two or more tissues working

together

Organ system level

Level of Organization; organ system is a group of interacting organs, working tgt (Humans have 11 organ systems)

Organism level

Level of Organization (most complex); individual life form is an organism, all organ systems tgt form an organism (human)

The Organ Systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male reproductive/Female reproductive

Integumentary major organs

• Skin

• Hair

• Sweat glands

• Nails

Skeletal major organs

• Bones

• Cartilages

• Associated ligaments

• Bone marrow

Muscular major organs

-Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

Nervous major organs

• Brain

• spinal cord

• Peripheral nerves

• Sense organs

Endocrine major organs

• Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

• Pancreas

• Gonads

• Endocrine tissues in other systems

Cardiovascular major organs

• Heart

• Blood

• Blood vessels

Lymphatic major organs

• Spleen

• Thymus

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Tonsils

Respiratory major organs

• Nasal cavities

• sinuses

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs

• alveoli

Digestive major organs

• Teeth

•tongue

•pharynx

•esophagus

•stomach

•small intestine

•large intestine

•liver

•gallbladder

•pancreas

Urinary major organs

• Kidneys

• ureters

• urinary bladder

• urethra

Male reproductive major organs

• Testes

•epididymides

•ductus deferentia

•seminal vesicles

•prostate gland

•penis

•scrotum

Female reproductive major organs

• Ovaries

• uterine tubes

• uterus

• vagina

• labia

• clitoris

• mammary glands

Functions of the Integumentary system

• Protects against environmental hazards

• Helps regulate body temperature

• Provides sensory information

Functions of the Skeletal system

• Provides support and protection for other tissues

• Stores calcium and other minerals

• Forms blood cells

Functions of the Muscular system

• Provides movement

• Provides protection and support for other tissues

• Generates heat that maintains body temperature

Functions of the Nervous system

• Directs immediate responses to stimuli

• Coordinates or moderates other organ systems

• Provides and interprets sensory information abt external conditions

Functions of the Endocrine system

• Directs long-term changes in other organ systems

• Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use in body

• Controls many structural and functional changes during development

•make and release hormones directly into the blood

Functions of the Cardiovascular system

• Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

• Distributes heat to control body temperature

Functions of the Lymphatic system

• Defends against infection and disease

• Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Functions of the Respiratory system

• Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)

• Provides oxygen to bloodstream

• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

• Produces sounds for communication

Functions of the Digestive system

• Processes and digests food

• Absorbs and conserves water

• Absorbs nutrients

• Stores energy reserves

Functions of the Urinary system

• Excretes waste products from the blood

• Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

• Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

• Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

Functions of the Male reproductive system

• Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones

• Sexual intercourse

Functions of the Female reproductive system

• Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

• Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

• Provides milk to nourish newborn infant

• Sexual intercourse

Medical terminology

Terms related to the body in health and disease, Most commemorative names, or eponyms (names in honor of a real/mythical person), have been replaced by precise terms

Surface anatomy

Locating structures on or near the body surface

Anatomical landmarks

Structures that can be felt or palpated (examined by touch;both anterior and posterior)

Anatomical position

hands at sides, palms forward

Supine

Anatomical position; lying down, face up; spine on the ground

Prone

Anatomical position; lying down, face down, prone to back sho

Anatomical regions

Abdominopelvic quadrants (4) & Abdominopelvic regions (9), specific areas used for reference purposes (map the suface of abdomen and pelvis)

Anatomical directions

Reference terms based on subject

Anterior

front of the body OR ventral=the belly

Posterior

back of the body OR dorsal=towards the back

Abdominopelvic quadrants

intersect at the umbilicus (navel); RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Abdominopelvic regions

more precise way to describe locations on the anterior of the abdomen & pelvis

Superior

Above; at higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

Proximal

Towards the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; ex. shoulder if proximal to the wrist

Lateral

Away from the midline; lateral view is from the side

Medial

Towards the midline

Distal

away from the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk; ex. the fingers are distal to the wrist

Inferior

below; at the lower level; toward the feet

Superficial

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface; ex, skin is superficial to underlying structures

Deep

Towards the interior of the body; farther from the surface; ex. the bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles

Cranial

OR Cephalic; towards the head; ex. cranial nerves are in the head

Caudal

Towards the tail (coccyx in humans)

Sectional anatomy

section is a slice through a three-dimensional object

• to visualize internal organization

• Important in radiological techniques

Sectional plane

A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface

Frontal plane

Coronal; Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

• A cut in this plane is a frontal section (coronal section)

(frontal, front and back)

Sagittal plane

Vertical plane dividing body into left and right portions

-cut in this plane is a sagittal section

Both Midsagittal & Parasagittal planes

(sagittal, sag down middle)

Midsagittal

Sagittal plane; Midsagittal plane lies in the middle

Parasagittal

Sagittal plane; Parasagittal plane is offset from the middle

Transverse plane

Horizontal; divides body into superior and inferior portions

• A cut in this plane is called a transverse section OR cross section

(transverse, train across)

How to use the text and art to master learning

Study the text and corresponding art together, topic is arranged into a section

Text-art integration

ensures that figures are close to the relevant lines of text

Learning outcomes

Educational objectives that appear at the beginning of each chapter

– Based on a learning classification scheme (what you should learn)