Chapter 29 - Principals of Biology

domain eukarya

One of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

supergroup

Systematic term used to classify the major groups of eukaryotes based on DNA similarities.

protists

The group of eukaryotic organisms that are not a plant, fungus, or animal. Protists are generally a microscopic, complex single cell; they evolved before other types of eukaryotes in the history of Earth.

eukaryotic

Type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya.

endosymbiotic theory

Explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes.

spore

Asexual reproductive or resting cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, in contrast to a gamete.

cyst

In protists and invertebrates, the resting structure that contains reproductive bodies or embryos.

plankton

Freshwater and marine organisms that are suspended on or near the surface of the water; includes phytoplankton and zooplankton.

what belongs to supergroup archaeplastida?

land plants, green algae, red algae

What belongs to the supergroup Chromalveolata?

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates, diatoms, golden brown algae, brown algae, water molds

what belongs to the supergroup rhizaria?

cercozoans, foraminferans, radiolarians

What belongs to the supergroup Excavata?

euglenozoans, diplomonands, parabaslids

What belongs to supergroup Amoebozoa

amoeba, slime molds

what belongs to supergroup Opisthokonta

animals, fungi, choanoglagellates

green algae

Members of a diverse group of photosynthetic protists; contain chlorophylls a and b and have other biochemical characteristics like those of plants.

conjugation

Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another.

red algae

Marine photosynthetic protists with a notable abundance of phycobilin pigments; includes coralline algae of coral reefs.

brown algae

Marine photosynthetic protists with a notable abundance of xanthophyll pigments; this group includes well-known seaweeds of northern rocky shores.

diatoms

Golden-brown alga with a cell wall in twoparts, or valves; significant component of phytoplankton.

water molds

Filamentous organisms having cell walls made of cellulose; typically decomposers of dead freshwater organisms, but some are parasites of aquatic or terrestrial organisms. Also called Oomycetes.

saprotroph

Organism that secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs the resulting nutrients back across the plasma membrane.`

dinoflagellate

Photosynthetic unicellular protist with two flagella—one whiplash and the other located within a groove between protective cellulose plates; a significant part of phytoplankton.

red tide

A population bloom of dinoflagellates that causes coastal waters to turn red. Releases a toxin that can lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning.

ciliates

Complex unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles.

protozoan

Heterotrophic, single-celled protist that moves by flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia.

contractile vacuole

Structures found in some protistan cells, usually freshwater species, that are involved in osmoregulation.

sporozoan

Spore-forming protist that has no means of locomotion and is typically a parasite with a complex life cycle; usually has both sexual and asexual phases.

foraminiferan

A protist bearing a calcium carbonate test with many openings through which pseudopods extend.

flagellates

Heterotrophic protozoans that propel themselves using one or more flagella.

euglenid

Flagellated and flexible freshwater single-celled protist that usually contains chloroplasts and has a semirigid cell wall.

eyespot apparatus

Structure found in some species of protists that is used to sense light and light intensity.

pellicle

Structure that supports the cell membrane of some species of protists; used to maintain structure in a water environment.

plasmodial slime mold

Free-living mass of cytoplasm that moves by pseudopods on a forest floor or in a field, feeding on decaying plant material by phagocytosis; reproduces by spore formation.

cellular slime mold

Free-living amoeboid cells that feed on bacteria and yeasts by phagocytosis and aggregate to form a plasmodium that produces spores.

choanoflagellates

Single-celled and colonial protists that are most closely related to the animals.

malaria

Disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium vivax; transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.

fungi

Eukaryotic saprotrophic decomposer; the body is made up of filaments called hyphae that form a mass called a mycelium.

saprotroph

Organism that secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs the resulting nutrients back across the plasma membrane.

microsporidia

Phyla of fungi that are characterized as intracellular parasites of animals.

hypha

Filament of the vegetative body of a fungus.

mycelium

Tangled mass of hyphal filaments composing the vegetative body of a fungus.

chitin

Strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi.

chritrids

Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated spores that may represent the most ancestral fungal lineage.

zygospore fungi

Fungi, such as black bread mold, that reproduce by forming windblown spores in sporangia; sexual reproduction involves a thick-walled zygospore.

sporangium

Structure that produces spores.

zygospore

Thick-walled resting cell formed during sexual reproduction of zygospore fungi.

sac fungi

Fungi that produce spores in fingerlike sacs called asci within a fruiting body; includes morels, truffles, yeasts, and molds.

asocarp

Reproductive structure of the sac fungi (phylum Ascomycota).

yeast

Unicellular fungus that has a single nucleus and reproduces asexually by budding or fission, or sexually through spore formation.

club fungi

Fungi that produce spores in club-shaped basidia within a fruiting body; includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs.

basidium

Clublike structure in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and basidiospore production occur during sexual reproduction of club fungi.

lichen

Symbiotic relationship between certain fungi and either cyanobacteria or algae, in which the fungi possibly provide inorganic food or water and the algae or cyanobacteria provide organic food.

mycorrhizae

Mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and roots of vascular plants.

AM fungi

Fungi with branching invaginations (arbuscular mycorrhizal or AM) used to invade plant roots.

mycoses

General name for fungal diseases of animals.

ringworm

Condition of the skin caused by a fungal infection.

thrush

Condition caused by an infection of the oral cavity with the fungi Candida.