GEOL 1121 - Composition of Earth, Minerals

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Last updated 10:54 PM on 8/25/26
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20 Terms

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Types of crust

  • Granitic crust - continental crust

  • Basalt - oceanic crust


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Rock types

  • Igneous rock - crystallized from molten magma or lava

  • Sedimentary rock - rock material weathered on Earth’s surface, compacted + cemented into solid rock

  • Metamorphic rock - from one of other two rock types that has changed due to exposure to higher temperature, pressure, or hot fluids within the crust


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What is a mineral?

  • Natural occurring

  • Inorganic (not composed of complex carbon-based compounds)

  • Crystalline solid (arrangement of atoms in an ordered 3-D structure)

  • Defined chemical composition

  • Characteristic physical properties


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Matter is composed of what?

Matter is composed of one or more chemical elements

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Elements are composed of what?

Atoms

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Atoms and characteristics

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains characteristics of a particular element

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element having different atomic masses

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Noble gas Structure

Full set of electrons I

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Ionic bonding

  • Electron transfer

  • Transfers electrons between atoms, creating ions with opposite electrical charges that attract each other

  • Example: NaCL


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Covalent bonding

  • Electron sharing

  • Most minerals

  • Strongest hold, hardness

  • Example: diamond


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Metallic bonding

  • Extreme electron sharing

  • Delocalized electrons


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Van der Waals forces

  • Material attraction

  • Not ionic or electron sharing

  • Example: Mica (sheets)


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Earth’s crustal and overall chemistry

  • Oxygen and silicon by far make up the bulk of Earth’s crustal chemistry

  • Earth as a whole is mostly composed of iron


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Silicates

  • Based on anion SiO4^4-

  • Ex. quartz SiO2


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Carbonates

  • Based on anion CO3²-

  • Ex. calcite CaCO3


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Sulfates

  • Based on anion SO4²-

  • Ex. gypsum CaSO4 × 2H2O


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Sulfides

  • Based on anion S²-

  • Ex. pyrite FeS2


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Oxides

  • Based on anion O²-

  • Ex. hematite Fe2O3


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Native Elements

  • Composed of 1 element

  • Ex. gold AU


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The Silica Tetrahedron

1 silicon and 4 oxygen atoms, example of certain metals never existing on their own