Clemson University: Microbiology 3050 Prof Rudolph: Unit 1 ( WHAT ARE MICROBES?)

Microorganisms

oldest form of life; most populous and diverse group of organisms; found everywhere on the planet

Underground

Where are most microorganisms found?

Microbiology

The study of the dominant form of life on earth and the effect that microbes have on our planet and all of the living things that call it home

Microorganisms

Living things made of cells that have defined structures and unique evolutionary histories important to the biosphere

Microrganisms

organisms and acellular entities too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye (there are exceptions)

1 mm

microorganisms are usually less than \_________ in diameter

Microbial culture

a collection of cells that have been grown in or on a nutrient medium

Medium

a liquid/solid nutrient mixture that contains nutrients required for growth

Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea

What are the 4 cellular organisms studied by microbiologists?

No highly differentiated tissue

What classifies microbes as microbes?

Viruses, Viroids, Satellites, Prions

What are the 4 acellular organisms studied by microbiologists?

Prion

an acellular biological entity composed of protein

Satellite

an acellular biological entity composed of nucleic acid (often RNA); can cause animal disease

Viroid

an acellular biological entity composed of RNA

Virus

an acellular biological entity composed of protein and nucleic acid

Prokariotic

cells that lack a true membrane bound nucleus (however, not absolute)

Eukariotic

cells that have a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Eukariotic

cells that are more complex morphologically and larger than other types of cells

All cells

cells that have a permeable barrier (cytoplasmic membrane) that separates the inside of the cell from the outside; Has cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA genome

Bacteria and Archaea

What groups are known as prokaryotic cells?

Less

prokaryotic cells are \_______ complex than eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic

what kind of cell?

-cells wall (some)
-cytoplasmic membrane
-nucleoid
-cytoplasm
-plasmid
-ribosomes

Eukaryotic

what kind of cell?

-cell wall
-cytoplasmic membrane
-mitochondrion
-nuclear membrane
-nucleus
-ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum
-cytoplasm
-golgi

plants, animals, algae, protists, fungi

Name categories in which the species have eukaryotic cells

Eukarya

what is archaea most similar to?

All cells

-structure
-metabolism
-growth
-evolution

Properties of...

Eukaryotic

these cells are much larger because they have many organelles

0.8 micrometers-millions of micrometers

average cell size range of eukaryotic cells

Cell structure

what is cell size influenced by

0.2 micrometers-750 micrometers

average cell size range of bacteria and archaea

0.01 micrometers-2.3 micrometers

average cell size range of viruses

Size

although this characteristic helps define microorganisms, there is often overlap so you can't define solely on this characteristic

high surface area to volume ratio

smaller cells can do metabolic processes faster because of what?

decreases

as a cell increases in size, its surface area to volume ratio \_______________

morphology

the physical appearance of a cell as determined by shape and size

cocci and bacilli

most common shape for prokaryotic cells

coccus/cocci

what bacterial shape is this

rod/bacilli

what bacterial shape is this

spirillum/spirilla

what bacterial shape is this

spirochete

what bacterial shape is this

appendage

these grow on some bacteria for attachment or to increase surface area

filamentous

what type of cell shape is this

arrangement

this is determined by plane of division and degree of separation after division of a cell

coccus/cocci

spherical shaped bacteria

rod/bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

spirillum/spirilla

spiral shaped bacteria; rigid helices; not flexible

spirochete

spiral shaped bacteria; flexible; tightly coiled; have flagella inside; burrow into host tissue

size; shape

when classifying microbes, you should first look at cell \_____, then consider cell \______

diplococci

cocci growing in pairs

diplococci

round bacteria growing in pairs

streptococci

round bacteria that form a chain

staphylococci

round bacteria forming grape like clusters

tetrads

4 round bacteria ordered in a square shape

sarcinae

cubic configuration of 8 round bacterias

coccobacilli

very short rods; longer than it is wide

vibrios

resemble rods; comma shaped

mycelium

a filamentous, root like structure; grows like fungi; network of long multicellular filaments

star

what is this unique shape of bacteria

pleomorphic

cell morphology that is variable in shape; non distinct

palisade

a unique arrangement of columnar shaped cells; connected at an end; when it divides, 1 end is curved so it sticks to the next one

neisseriae

coffee-bean shaped cell

streptomycetes

*Mold-like* filamentous bacteria

evolution

how do microbes increase diversity

haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

haploid

haploid or diploid

they are haploid

what is unique about bacteria and archaea chromosomes that helps them increase diversity

horizonatal

bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) increase genetic diversity by \___________ gene transfer within the same generation

horizontal gene transfer

transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

haploid

when cells that are \_________ become mutated, the effect is immediate. there is no masking of a dominant trait

highly differentiated tissue

what do all microbes lack

4.6 by

about how old is earth

bacteria and archaea

these were this first microbes to appear on earth (around 4 bya)

phototrophic bacteria

these were the second types of microbes to appear on earth (around 3.5 bya)

phototrophic bacteria

this microbe lived in an oxygen absent environment until about 2.3 bya

cyanobacteria

this was the third type of microbe to appear about 2.3 bya

cyanobacteria

these were the first type of microbes to live in an oxygenated atmosphere; 1st microbes

eukarya

this was the fourth type of microbe that appeared about 2 bya

last universal common ancestor

what does LUCA stand for

cyanobacteria

first microbes to start producing oxygen; this was determined by looking at fossils; prokaryotic bacteria that created an oxygenated atmosphere

eukarya

first living multicellular microbes

cellular

a phylogenetic tree is used only for \_____________ organisms

phylogenetic tree

a three domain system, based on the comparison of the DNA encoding small subunit ribosomal DNA

phylogenetic tree

divides microorganisms into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

prokaryotic

bacteria are \____________________ cells

prokaryotic

archaea are \________________ cells

eukaryotic

eukarya are \______________ cells

number of common nucleotides divided by total number of nucleotides

to determine the relationship between cells for a phylogenetic tree placement, what do you compare?

they have DNA that encodes for ribosomes

why are chloroplasts and mitochondria included in phylogenetic trees?

endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

no

do prokaryotes undergo endocytosis?

endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

animals, plants, some fungi

what are the tree macroorganisms?

yes

do eukarya undergo endocytosis?

archaea and eukarya

which two are most closely related?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Protista

algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds belong to which kingdom?

green algae

we get 75% of our oxygen from \_______________ \____________

Capitalize and italicize

when writing the name of a domain you must.....

Eukarya

Which domain contains micro AND macro organisms?

Take organisms you want to compare, isolate DNA through DNA extraction, make copies of region of DNA that codes for the small subunit ribosomal RNA (using polymerase chain reaction), do a DNA sequence on the copies, align sequences to easily see where nucleotides match. To determine relationship, divide number of nucleotides they have in common by the total number of nucleotides in the sequence

Describe how a phylogenetic tree is generated

No

Do phylogenetic trees tell you which organism appeared first?