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69 Terms
Battle of the Somme
A major battle of World War I fought from July to November 1916, notable for its high casualties and the first use of tanks in warfare.
Battle of Verdun
One of the longest battles in World War I, lasting from February to December 1916, marked by a fierce French defense against German forces.
Battle of Gallipoli
An unsuccessful campaign by the Allies in 1915-1916 aimed at securing a sea route to Russia and weakening the Ottoman Empire.
Second Battle of Ypres
Fought in 1915, it was the first major battle to involve chemical warfare, marking a new phase in WWI combat.
Battle of Tannenberg
A significant Eastern Front battle in 1914 where German forces defeated the Russian army, showcasing strategic military advantages.
Battle of Passchendaele
Also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, fought in 1917, recognized for its extreme mud and the high toll on soldiers.
Battle of Jutland
The largest naval battle of World War I, fought in 1916 between British and German fleets, resulting in inconclusive results.
Marxism
A socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx, advocating for class struggle and the overthrow of capitalist systems to establish a classless society.
Communism
A political and economic ideology that seeks to create a classless society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
V.I. Lenin’s Contributions
Lenin adapted Marxism to Russian conditions, leading to the establishment of a one-party state under the Bolsheviks.
The State and Revolution
A work by Lenin that argues for the necessity of a proletarian revolution to dismantle the bourgeois state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat.
War Communism
Economic and political system implemented by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War where the state controlled major industries and requisitioned agricultural products.
New Economic Policy (NEP)
A policy introduced by Lenin in 1921 that allowed some private enterprise and market mechanisms to stimulate the economy after War Communism.
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
A Marxist concept referring to the transitional state in which the working class holds political power.
Internationalism
The Marxist principle advocating for the solidarity of workers of the world and the necessity of revolution beyond national boundaries.
Colonialism
The practice of establishing and maintaining control over foreign territories, often involving settlement and exploitation.
Scramble for Africa
The rapid invasion and colonization of African territory by European powers during the late 19th century.
Cultural Imperialism
The practice of promoting one culture over another, often resulting in the dominance of the colonizer’s culture.
Economic Imperialism
Control of a country’s economy by foreign business interests rather than direct political control.
Spheres of Influence
Areas where a foreign power claims exclusive rights to trade or investment, typically without formal political control.
Decolonization
The process by which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, particularly in the mid-20th century.
Mandate System
A system established by the League of Nations whereby certain territories were entrusted to the management of advanced nations.
Colonial Exploitation
The use of a colony's resources and labor to benefit the colonizing country, often leading to economic hardship for the colonized.
Nationalism
A sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation or ethnic group, often leading to the desire for independence from colonial rule.
Racial Theories
Ideas that promote the belief in racial hierarchies, often used to justify imperialism and discrimination.
League of Nations
An international organization founded after World War I to prevent future conflicts and promote peace, part of Wilson's 14 Points.
Self-determination
The principle that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status, a key point in Wilson's 14 Points.
Freedom of the Seas
The principle that international waters should be free for navigation during peace and war, as proposed in Wilson's 14 Points.
Disarmament
The reduction or limitation of armed forces and weapons, advocated in Wilson's 14 Points to promote lasting peace.
Colonial Claims
Acknowledgment in Wilson's 14 Points that colonial powers should take local populations' interests into account when managing colonies.
Economic Barriers
The removal of economic barriers to trade called for in Wilson's 14 Points, aimed at fostering open economic relations.
Adjustment of Colonies
Wilson's proposal that colonial powers adjust their claims in favor of the native peoples' interests outlined in his 14 Points.
Open Diplomacy
The concept of transparent and open negotiations among nations, emphasized in Wilson's 14 Points as opposed to secret treaties.
Vladimir Lenin
Born Vladimir Illyich Ulyanov, he became a key revolutionary leader in Russia, influenced by the execution of his brother and the ideas of Karl Marx.
Bolsheviks
The majority faction of the Russian social democratic movement, led by Lenin, advocating for radical socialist change, distinct from the more moderate Mensheviks.
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Lenin's concept of an elite group of intellectuals leading the working class in revolution, diverging from Marxist ideas of a spontaneous uprising.
October Revolution
The 1917 uprising in Russia where Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government, promising 'Peace, Land, and Bread'.
Civil War in Russia
The conflict between the 'Reds' (Bolsheviks) and the 'Whites' (counterrevolutionaries) from 1918 to 1921, resulting in the victory of the Bolsheviks.
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Introduced by Lenin in 1921, it allowed limited capitalist practices and private ownership to stabilize the economy after the civil war.
Joseph Stalin
A key figure in the Soviet government after Lenin, known for his totalitarian rule and the implementation of extensive political repression.
The Great Purge
A campaign initiated by Stalin from 1934 to 1938 to eliminate any perceived threats within the Communist Party and society, often involving forced confessions and executions.
Totalitarian State
A political system developed under Stalin where the government exerted total control over all aspects of life, using propaganda and state terror.
Collectivization
Stalin's policy of consolidating individual agricultural lands into collective farms, aimed at increasing agricultural production under state control.
The Terror Famine
A man-made famine in the early 1930s, resulting from Stalin's collectivization policies, leading to the starvation of millions of peasants.
Cult of Personality
A process through which Stalin promoted himself as a god-like figure, using propaganda to foster loyalty and suppress dissent.
Russification
The policy of promoting Russian culture and language across the Soviet Union's diverse republics, often leading to the erosion of local identities.
Cheka
The secret police force established by the Bolsheviks to eliminate opposition, later evolving into the KGB under Stalin.
Communist International (Comintern)
An organization formed by Lenin in 1919, aimed at promoting worldwide communist revolution and influencing socialist movements abroad.
Socialist Realism
An art and cultural doctrine imposed by Stalin emphasizing idealized depictions of communist life and the glorification of Soviet achievements.
Propaganda
The use of information and media to promote political views, heavily utilized by Stalin to build support for his regime and portray the Soviet Union positively.
Stalin's Foreign Policy
Characterized by initially seeking alliances with capitalist countries, later aligning with Nazi Germany due to suspicions of Western powers.
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
The 1918 peace agreement signed by Lenin to remove Russia from World War I, ceding significant territory to Germany.
Leon Trotsky
A key Bolshevik leader and military strategist during the Russian Civil War, later expelled from the Communist Party by Stalin.
Sussex Pledge
A promise made by Germany in 1916 during World War I to modify their naval blockade as a response to American protests, ensuring that passenger ships would not be targeted without warning.