CHEMLAB

ACID

CONTAINS H+ AND PRODUCES H+ IN WATER

BASE

CONTAINS OH- AND PRODUCES OH IN WATER

ACID-BASE REACTION

FORMATION OF WATER

(H+ + OH- H2O)

ACID-BASE REACTION (ARRHENIUS)

ACID

PROTON (H+ ) DONOR

BASE

PROTON (H+ ) ACCEPTOR

ACID-BASE REACTION

TRANSFER OF PROTONS

1.0 × 10^-14 / H30+ = OH-

CALCULATING [OH-] FROM Kw (FORMULA)

1.0 × 10^-14 / 0H- = H30+

CALCULATING [H3O+] FROM Kw (FORMULA)

H30+ = 10^-pH

CALCULATING [H3O+] FROM pH (FORMULA)

0H- = 10^-pOH

CALCULATING [OH-] FROM pOH (FORMULA)

pH + pOH = 14

CALCULATING pH and pOH (FORMULA)

pH = -log[H30+]

CALCULATING pH from [H3O+] (FORMULA)

pOH = -log[OH-]

CALCULATING pOH from [OH-] (FORMULA)

pH Meter

It is an instrument used to measure hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or alkalinity) in solution

pH Meter

Consists of a voltmeter attached to pHresponsive electrode and reference electrode.

pH Paper

Measures the level of pH using a color-coded scale representing certain pH values

pH Paper

Done by dipping the pH paper and observing the change in color of the paper

Indicator Solutions

Weak organic acids/weak organic bases

Phenolphthalein

Bromothymol Blue

Methyl Orange

Experiment #2 Indicators:

HEXANE

Aliphatic Acyclic Hydrocarbon

HEXANE

Open-Chain

HEXANE

Saturated Hydrocarbon

HEXANE

Alkane

CYCLOHEXENE

Cyclic Hydrocarbon

CYCLOHEXENE

Closed-Chain

because we can only see carbon atoms that is bonded into carbon atom that contains a benzene ring

Why is CYCLOHEXENE Homocyclic HC?

CYCLOHEXENE - Homocyclic HC

because we can only see carbon atoms that is bonded into carbon atom that contains a benzene ring

Benzene Ring

a ring that has alternating double bonds.

TOLUENE

Cyclic HC

TOLUENE

Closed-Chain

Alicyclic

A hydrocarbon that does not contain a benzene ring

TOLUENE

Alicyclic

TOLUENE

Cycloalkene

TERT-BUTYL CHLORIDE

Alkyl Halide

Alkyl Halide

there is a removal of hydrogen; and the Halide pertains to the Chlorine.

BROMINE TEST

TEST FOR - Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

BROMINE TEST

Addition of Bromine

BROMINE TEST

REAGENTS - Br2 in Chloroform

BROMINE TEST

CONFIRMATION - Disappearance of orange or red color in solution

Disappearance of orange or red color in solution

CONFIRMATION of BROMINE TEST

It will turn brown - dark brown

Alkane is Added in BROMINE TEST

it will turn white or clear

Alkene is Added in BROMINE TEST

BAEYER’S TEST

also known Oxidation Reaction

Oxidation Reaction

addition of Oxygen atom to a carbon atom and a removal of hydrogen atom.

BAEYER’S TEST

TEST FOR - Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and 1° and 2° alcohols

BAEYER’S TEST

REAGENTS - Aqueous KMnO4 (The color of the reagent is purple.)

Aqueous KMnO4

The color of the reagent is purple.

BAEYER’S TEST

CONFIRMATION - Disappearance of purple color in solution and formation of brown precipitate

Disappearance of purple color in solution and formation of brown precipitate

CONFIRMATION of BAEYER’S TEST

Diols

Two -OH groups

CONCENTRATED H2SO4

Addition Reaction

CONCENTRATED H2SO4

TEST FOR - Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

CONCENTRATED H2SO4

REAGENTS - Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

CONCENTRATED H2SO4

CONFIRMATION - Solubility of two liquids, evolution of heat, and color change.

Solubility of two liquids, evolution of heat, and color change.

CONFIRMATION of CONCENTRATED H2SO4 TEST

ETHANOLIC SILVER NITRATE TEST

Substitution Reaction

ETHANOLIC SILVER NITRATE TEST

TEST FOR - 2° and 3° alkyl halides

ETHANOLIC SILVER NITRATE TEST

REAGENTS - 0.1 M silver nitrate in ethanol

ETHANOLIC SILVER NITRATE TEST

CONFIRMATION - White for silver chloride, pale yellow for silver bromide. And yellow for silver iodide.

White for silver chloride, pale yellow for silver bromide. And yellow for silver iodide.

CONFIRMATION of ETHANOLIC SILVER NITRATE TEST

CONCENTRATED H2SO4

Use to describe compounds that has alkyl benzene

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

Hexane test results in:

Bromine Test

Baeyer’s Test

Ethanolic AgNO3 Test

Concentrated H2SO4 Test

(+)

(+)

(-)

(+)

Cyclohexene test results in:

Bromine Test

Baeyer’s Test

Ethanolic AgNO3 Test

Concentrated H2SO4 Test

(-)

(-)

(+)

(-)

Tert-butyl chloride test results in:

Bromine Test

Baeyer’s Test

Ethanolic AgNO3 Test

Concentrated H2SO4 Test

(-)

(-)

(-)

(+)

Toluene test results in:

Bromine Test

Baeyer’s Test

Ethanolic AgNO3 Test

Concentrated H2SO4 Test

Ethanol

primary alcohol example

ISOPROPANOL

secondary alcohol example

TERT-BUTANOL

tertiary alcohol example

REACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS

Identify how many R groups that is attached to the carbon atom that is attached to the carboxyl group

BAEYER’S TEST

Strong Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols using KMnO4

BAEYER’S TEST

TEST FOR - Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - 1° and 2° alcohols

PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

ALDEHYDES —- CARBOXYLIC

ALDEHYDES —- CARBOXYLIC in PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

Replace 2 C-H bonds by 2 C-O bonds

SECONDARY ALCOHOL

Produces Ketones

JONES'S TEST

Will not have any reaction with tertiary alcohols because in tertiary alcohol there are no available hydrogen

JONES'S TEST

TEST FOR - 1° and 2° alcohols - Chromic Acid

Chromic Acid

is composed of K2CR2O7 dissolved in H2SO4.

Chromic Acid

The color of this reagent is dark orange.

JONES'S TEST

CONFIRMATION - Production of blue to green colored-product

Production of blue to green colored-product

CONFIRMATION of JONES TEST

LUCAS TEST

Substitution Reaction

LUCAS TEST

TEST FOR - Tertiary Alcohols (Fast) - Secondary Alcohols (Slow)

LUCAS TEST

REAGENTS - Concentrated H2SO4 and ZnCl2

LUCAS TEST

CONFIRMATION - Appearance of a cloudy layer or emulsion (Immediately for tertiary)

Appearance of a cloudy layer or emulsion (Immediately for tertiary)

CONFIRMATION of LUCAS TEST

FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST

TEST FOR - Phenols

Phenols

organic compounds that contains a benzene that is directly bonded to an OH

FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST

REAGENTS - Aqueous Iron (III) chloride (FeCl3)

FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST

CONFIRMATION - Purple ring at the interface

Purple ring at the interface

CONFIRMATION of FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST

(+)

(+)

(-)

(-)

Ethanol test results in:

Baeyer’s Test

Jones Test

Lucas Test

FeCl3 Test

(+)

(+)

(+) (slow)

(-)

Isoprophanol test results in:

Baeyer’s Test

Jones Test

Lucas Test

FeCl3 Test

(-)

(-)

(+)

(-)

Tert-butanol test results in:

Baeyer’s Test

Jones Test

Lucas Test

FeCl3 Test

(+)

(+)

(-)

(-)

Benzyl alcohol test results in:

Baeyer’s Test

Jones Test

Lucas Test

FeCl3 Test

(-)

(-)

(-)

(+)

phenol test results in:

Baeyer’s Test

Jones Test

Lucas Test

FeCl3 Test