Globalization II Exam 2 (Boston College)

Abd al-Qadir

(1807-1883)
- Charismatic Islamic leader
- Algerian anticolonialism in the 1830s
- Already committed to overthrowing the Ottoman Empire
Resistance to French "freedom":
- Seizing lands
- Imposing religion and culture
- French saw him as a Muslim "fanatic", Christian view
- Algerians saw him as a father of Algerian nationalism ended up going into exile
- Resistance lasted 15 years and cost 300,000 Algerian lives.

Abolitionism

- Abolitionism was not the same as "anti-racism"
- just means you oppose to the system of slavery as it existed at the time.
- Abolitionism occurred alongside slave resistance
- Despite abolitionism, despite all the age of revolution, slavery is accelerating in Brazil, Cuba, and US.
- Second half of 1700s = Rise of Abolitionism
- 1791: Beginning of Haitian Revolution
- 1816 & 1823: Slave Revolts in the British Empire
- 1831: Slave Revolts in the British Empire.

Air Pollution & The Industrial Revolution

- Mostly 19th Century, but as early as the 18th.
-Coal mining (Britain):
1700: 2.5 mil tons/yr
1800: 10 mil tons/yr
1861: 57 mil tons/yr
- Due to huge increases in coal use to power factories.
- Soot in the air from factories and trains burning coal led to respiratory issues, smog, and acid rain that destroyed the environment.
-1873: 700 died in London after a week of intense smog.

American Imperialism

American Policies that sought to expand political, cultural and economic control over areas outside of its boundaries. The Western Expansion of the United States draws many similarities to the conquest and colonization performed by European powers. Indian Removal often blurred the line between genocide and Americans believed they had a divine "Manifest Destiny" to expand. They considered themselves superior and sought to bring "civilization" to the western United States. Westward Expansion is an example of "formal" imperialism along with the annexation of mexican land, but America just like others also practiced "informal" imperialism. Although Latin American nations maintained independence, the US and European nations were still able to exert their influence through "informal" imperialism. Latin American nations welcomed investments from abroad like canals, railroads, banks and insurance companies. Therefore, there was no need for formal colonization.

Animals & The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution caused a profound disruption for many ecosystems and had a damaging impact on many species of animals. Aside from destroying ecosystems with pollution, animal products were needed to fuel the machines of the industrial revolution. Whale oil was used as lubricant to keep machines running smoothly and was considered the best oil for its durability and less disagreeable odor. Likewise, Bison hides were needed for industrial belting. The effect on these populations was driving them to endangered status and near extinction that has kept global populations low even today.

Anti-Colonial Nationalism

Anti-colonial Nationalism arose in response to the imperialism practiced by nations looking to bring "civilization" to new areas of the world. These anti-colonial nationalists challenged Western ideas of "civilization" and saw imperialistic practices as destroying their ancient civilizations. The response was a rejection of western culture and reinvigorated pride for local traditions and culture. These nationalists looked to reclaim their ancient superior civilizations of the past and used this identity to resist European Colonialism/imperialism.

Anti-Vagrancy Laws

- Britain:
1834: Emancipation
1838: Vagrancy Act of 1838

- US:
1865: Emancipation
1866: Vagrancy Act of 1866
- used to keep former slaves on plantations
- formal practice of racialization
- any person who appeared to be unemployed or homeless would be forced into plantation labor due to laziness, wasting time
- African Americans could not leave plantations due to these laws
- to leave a plantation, people needed to carry papers showing that they had a job on the plantation.

- Brazil:
1888: Emancipation
1900: "Laws Regulating Beggars"
- defining what a beggar is.
- restricting begging to specific places, times of day, methods of begging, etc.
- needed a card to identify/qualify as a beggar
- criminalizing poverty
- although race isn't explicitly mentioned, it is very clear who it is being aimed at.

Asian Migration (19th Century)

Push Factors:
- rapid population growth across Asia
- taxes and poverty
- less land for subsistence
- transition to cash crop economy
- lots of famine
India: cotton, opium, tea
Other: coffee, sugar, indigo, etc.
-Mono-crop production led to soil depletion
-Increased dependence on market volatility
-Increased susceptibility to famine
-Example: Dutch Java (Indonesia)
-Pull factors
-Chinese emigration to SE Asia
-Colonial Demand for laborers on cash-crop
plantations
-Migration controlled by Chinese
"brotherhoods"
-European-controlled Indentured Servitude
-Decline of slavery in the Americas
-Indentured servitude used to fulfill labor
needs
-Destinations:
-Railroads in East Africa
-Plantations in Tropical Africa
- Plantations in the Caribbean
-Silver Mines in Latin America

Banana Republics

Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.
- political and economic term to describe large companies going into middle American countries/Caribbean basin
- developing relationships with people in power and developing infrastructure.
- control entire nations based on their power of the banana industry.

Berlin Conference

- 1884-5
- Imperial powers developed a system that could allow claims of sovereignty to be established via diplomacy (not armed conflict)

No representation from societies that were being conquered

A metropole could gain international recognition of its sovereignty over a new colony without any input from the existing populations

-regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power

- Germany's announcement that they had established themselves as a World Power

Chinese "Brotherhoods"

-controlled migration of chinese to SE Asia

-Organized by chinese entrepreneurs

-Extremely profitable

-Controlled all aspects of recruitment & distribution of labor

-a way to exploit new labor

-99% male migrants

Chinese Indentured Servitude

Many Chinese migrated to European controlled territories in the face of famine, taxes, overpopulation, and foreign invasion into China in search of better lives. The main destinations were railroads in East Africa, Plantations in Tropical Africa and the Caribbean, and Silver mines in Latin America. Life for these indentured servants typically featured 5-7 year contracts along with limited mobility upon arrival, strict rules, and working among African slaves or former slaves. The mortality rates were as follows: 15.2% on ships to Cuba, 40% on ships to Peru, and up to 75% on Cuban Sugar Plantations. Among chinese indentured laborers, 99% were men, so it was mostly only productive labor.

Civic Nationalism

began to emerge as a new justification for Empire among European powers and the United States largely as a result of the events of the Age of Revolution. These empires believed in the superiority of their political ideals of equality, liberty and democracy (They were only ideals rather than practice). These ideals were woven into the respective constitutions and laws of these nations and made them feel responsible for bringing "civilization" to the "uncivilized". This led into feelings of racial superiority as "uncivilized" ethnic groups were deemed to be inferior races.

Congo Free State

late 19th century

orchestrated by King Leopold of Belgium
- King Leopold II was able to convince the other Eurasian powers to allow him to partition on the Congo with rhetoric of humanitarianism, fulfilling the white man's burden, and no taxation on trade.
- claimed it was to spread humanitarianism and civilization, but was really to gather rubber and used force labor and genocide to complete their goals → new imperialism

-Women kidnapped, tortured and raken as concubines to force men to collect rubber

To extract it the Belgian needed both local guides and local laborers, which they were able to get from the Congolese. What followed were various atrocities committed against the Congolese locals, who were forced to endure slave like conditions. Some estimates claim that the colonization of the Congo both directly and indirectly led to the death of 50% of the population.

-Children orphaned and turned into soldiers
-Quota systems
-Whipping systems
-Cutting off limbs
-Dangerous working conditions
-Constant threat of violence

Conspicuous Consumption

mid 19th to early 20th centuries

mostly in imperial nations (i.e. US, GB, etc)

buying items to display wealth to gain honor and prestige, done by the new middle class that sprung up as the result of the Industrial Revolution → new availability of goods to show off wealth

-Conspicuous Leisure: the glorification of non-productivity and idleness
-Conspicuous Waste: the ability to purchase items without needing or using them
-Conspicuous Compassion: publicly donating large sums of money or time to enhance social prestige

By purchasing and consuming exotic goods such as bananas, individuals were able to be included in the highly "civilized" and economically well off social class that differentiated them from those that were excluded from this global trade.

Consumerism

Members of Industrialized nations were able to separate themselves from the rest of the world by separating modes of production and consumption. This redefined social status as having the ability to consume exotic goods and remain "idle". The abundance of wealth concentrated with individuals today pales in comparison to those in the early 1900s, Rockefeller 336 Billion vs Bezos 112 Billion. Consumerism fueled an emerging middle class backed by the "four dreams of consumerism": Abundance, Democracy of Goods, Freedom of choice, and Novelty.

Cult of Domesticity

established the household as a woman's domain with the responsibilities of child-rearing and cooking/cleaning. social customs that restricted women to caring for the house.

The virtues of true womanhood:
-Piety
-Purity
-Submission
-Domesticity

These characteristics were necessary to carry out the middle class identity in addition to decorating the household with jewelry and cultural symbols of consumerism.

Deforestation & The Industrial Revolution

19th century

reason was to build cities, urban population centers, clear land for farms and livestock and use wood

damaged local ecosystem and Earth's ability to manage greenhouse gases

European Migration (19th Century)

particularly in the late 19th to early 20th centuries

50 million Europeans left Europe for North America, Australia, and Latin America

push: overpopulation, unemployment, no land, famine, political upheaval, religious persecution

pull: jobs, free/cheap land, political and religious freedom

Fulani Uprising

An example among several others of anti-colonial resistance in the Long 19th century, Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) led an army against the Hausa Kingdoms in Northern Nigeria. Usman called for an Islamic revitalization and a return to a "pure" Islamic past, waging jihad against non-believers. Notable was the central role of women in the movement, which was uncommon at the time. The result of the resistance was the establishment of the Sokoto Empire (1804-1903).

Imagined Communities

- The nation as "an imagined political community".

Nations are "imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion."

Nations are "communities" because "regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail...the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship."

This idea played a key role in the rhetoric of imperialism, which was thought of as a horizontal expansion of a nation despite consistent patterns of exploitation within colonies.

Indian Indentured Servitude (1833 - 1920)

- Similar to Chinese indentured servants, about 1 million Indian indentured servants migrated to foreign nations in search of better lives, with 50% ending up producing sugar in the Caribbean.

- Were usually subject to the same 5-7 year tenures and exploitation as other groups.
- The population consisted of around 25% woman, a drastic increase in proportion compared to Chinese indentured laborers.
- Indian Women provided both productive and reproductive labor on plantations, with the expectation that they would have sexual relations with plantation owners.
- Because of their relative scarcity, Indian woman were able to challenge the Gender hierarchies limiting them in India, discovering more autonomy and an ability to marry men of higher castes.

Informal Imperialism 1800-1860

- Latin America, the Middle East, and China
- Infrastructure projects
- Loans and Banking

Informal Imperialism began to arise in concurrence with the second industrial revolution as the world experienced a new Age of Capitalism. The line between informal imperialism and colonization began to be blurred as industrialized nations were able to accomplish their economic goals without the need for formal colonizing. A strong example of this is Latin America, where the United States exerted its influence over independent nations by building infrastructure such as canals and railroads that helped perpetuate the industrial revolution and serve their economic interests.

the domination of trade, investment, and business activities that enabled imperial powers to profit from subject societies and influence their affairs without going to the trouble of exercising direct political control

Islamic Revitalization

-early 19th century in North Africa
-Fulani uprising in Northern Nigeria (1804)
-Led by Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817)
- witnessed the changing world around them and rejected formal colonialism and informal imperialism of western powers.
- revitalized Islamic traditions as core identity
-Called for a return to pure Islam based on the life of Muhammad
-Waged jihad against unbelievers (Jihad- means struggle, not necessarily war)
-Formed the Sokoto Caliphate (Empire), 1804-1903

- calls for a renewed commitment to the fundamental principles of Islam and reconstruction of society in accordance with the Quran and the traditions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Jomo Kenyatta

An outspoken Kenyan nationalist, _______ ____________ wrote a piece on is own Kikuya community in 1937 that highlighted the negative impact that European colonialism had on his community and pointed out many of the flaws in their rhetoric. He discusses how European nations do possess many progressive ideals such as hygiene, literacy, material prosperity, and medicine that would benefit Africans. However, they rarely live up to their rhetoric of bringing "civilization" to Africa and only interact with the continent as a means of accessing their labor. Furthermore, their disregard for Kikuya and others' religious beliefs and deep connection with their lands and ancestors actually destroys an already present civilization.

Kinjikitile Bokero Mgwale

Maji Maji Rebellion
- a charismatic prophet - Kinjikitile "Bokero" Mgwale (1905)
- Forged a movement unifying 29 different ethnic groups
= Western view of Africa as just African people doesn't respect local ethnic groups, they would randomly draw border lines and split tribes apart and sometimes put people who wouldn't normally live together to do so.
- Rebellion based on beliefs in a shared ancestral "African" heritage in opposition to Europeans.
- Maji is the name of an elixir (sacred water) that Bokero had that would protect themselves.
- Didn't work: 100,000 Maji warriors died with only 15 European casualties.
- German "Scorched Earth Policy" killed additional 150,000 - 200,000 civilians
German soldiers salting and burning agricultural fields so that the local populations could not grow food on their own. Trying to minimize the spread of the rebellion.
German side:
15 Europeans killed
389 African soldiers killed
*underlying point: before this rebellion, there were many different ethnic groups. After, there is this new idea that unifies, "We are East Africa"
- White Man's Burden - Racial nationalism
- After the Maji Maji Rebellion - racial nationalism - based on cultural traditions before Europeans arrived.
- In the same way Americans needed their own peoplehood from Britain.

Kiowa c. 19th Century

Global population doubled:
-1500: 400-450 million
-1800: 950 million people

Global indigenous mortality:
-decline of 100 million people
-conquest
-disease

The ______ were an indigenous Native American tribe living in the Mid-West plains of the United States. The primary source "I Bring Death": The ________s Meet Smallpox (and _______ Legend)", speaks to the negative effects Europeans had on the ______ landscape as well as the apprehension felt towards white men and the Pawnee. In the primary source, the disease smallpox is personified as a white man from "across the eastern ocean" who kills indiscriminately and symbolizes death. Saynday, the main character of the source, is able to convince smallpox to visit the rival Pawnee tribe instead of the _____ in what is considered a heroic act. Saynday also looks across the landscape and sees the damage the European colonization has had, particularly in destroying its natural beauty. The source demonstrates the disjointed nature of the Native American people as well as the inevitability of death brought about by imperialism, as smallpox makes it clear that he will eventually be back for the _______.

Manifest Destiny

- A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

- Accumulation of wealth, land, property
Idea that Americans were divinely inspired to become the conquerors from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Maji Maji Rebellion

- Africans thought that if they sprinkled magic water on their bodies, it would turn bullets to water; they attacked the Germans and thousands died by gun fire.
- it was the first significant example of interethnic cooperation in the battle against colonial control.

Middle Class Cultures

late 19th century to early 20th century

new things like home décor, clothes and jewelry, and exotic foods that are now in the home, conspicuous consumption, leisure, waste, and compassion

-Department stores as new social spaces
-Advertisements influenced demand
-Blurring lines of social status
-Exotic goods and food
-Everyday commodities of empire
-Exotic commodities of empire
-1865: $55.7 mil food imports
-1900: $226 mil food imports
-1920: $1.84 bil food imports
-Consumption connected everyday people with empire

The Second Industrial Revolution created new cultures within imperial centers that featured the emerging conception of a "middle class" built around ideas of consumption, domesticity, and leisure. This represented a very significant shift in perception of "idleness" as illustrated by the two contrasting images shown in class. The first from 1866 put forward a very negative view on "idleness" that showed an idle, vagrant black man relaxing as white men worked hard. The second image from 1900 showed a woman remaining idle in an apparent display of social status.

Minstrel Shows

-cultural changes in imperial centers
-informal practices of racialization
These Minstrel Shows represented a nostalgic return to an idyllic slave past.
- Minstrelsy- first "American" art form
-1830s-mid 1900s
-Images of carefree life on plantations
-White people performed in blackface
-Performed in the North and South
-Precursor to burlesque shows and Broadway musicals
-ex. "Oh Susanna" (1848)
-Nostalgia for an idyllic past
-African-Americans caricatured as dumb, lazy and uncivilized

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

founder of Wahhabi movement

Called for a return to "pure" Islam

fought against false idols & superstition→ worshipping trees, at tombs, making sacrifices to false idols

unhappy that people were venerating saints
mid to late 1700s

New Imperialism

c. 1870-1914

International race for new colonies to meet industrial needs (resources & markets)

"Pacification" -> they don't know any better, we are going to bring peace

The White Man's Burden (1899)

- Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

Oh! Susanna

Minstrel Song performed in the home

Opium in China

- British merchants smuggled opium into China for non-medical use, by 1835 12-million Chinese people were addicted to opium.
- Trade began to favor Britain. Britain would use the money from opium to buy tea, silk, porcelain, and Chinese sliver.
- Massive profits gained from opium trade

Opium in India

British wealth was growing in India
Britain pushed trade into China via Opium in Western India

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

1st Opium War: the result of China's attempt to suppress the illegal opium trade.
- smuggle opium into China through the black market and caused the average Chinese to be addicted to opium.
-> caused serious social and economic disruption.
- massive profits gained from the Opium War.

2nd Opium War: the result of the desire of Great Britain and France to win additional commercial privileges in China, including legalizing the opium trade and gaining more legal and territorial concessions in China

ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges

Post-Emancipation Societies

-Formal laws and informal practices maintained hierarchies after slavery was abolished

-Formal practices: apprenticeship and anti-vagrancy laws

-Informal practices: social darwinism, segregation, violence, minstrel shows, displays at World's Fairs

-new subordinate racial relationships

Qing Empire

- Established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644.

1. most stable global empire
- centralized merit-based bureaucracy
- some possibility of social mobility
2. China controlled trade in Qing territory:
- European trade restricted to Canton with Chinese Middlemen
- Europeans wanted tea, silk, and porcelain (addicted to these goods)
- Chinese were very adamant that only the Chinese would be facilitating the trade.
*expansion no longer necessary

Racialization

The process by which the "other" becomes defined by a "racial" category that justifies their subordination

Multiple African peoples became black/negro within the European imaginary

Blackness became equated with slavery, and slavery became equated with blackness

-Racial differences and structures of inequality were forged within everyday life
-how Belgian officials justified their treatment of laborers and civilians in the Congo

"It is precisely within the ordinary and everyday that racialization has been most effective, where it makes race." (15)

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Religious Nationalism

the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny

a trend toward merging traditional religious principles with the workings of government

Rise of Middle Class

mid 19th to early 20th centuries

industrialized nations

people who are able to purchase the new things,

dreams of consumerism are abundance, democracy of goods, freedom of choice, and novelty

Rubber

late 19th century

supply from Africa and Latin America to industrialized nations for things like tires, hoses, wires, etc. so people in powerful nations used imperialism to gather

Belgian Congo tapped rubber vines

Second Industrial Revolution

-1870s-1914
-both the motive and the means for imperialism
-The second IR and new imperialism caused cultural change within imperial centers
-Electricity via coal
-New transportation technologies (railroads, cars, steamboats)
-New communication technologies (telephone)
-New technologies of war (Maxim Gun)
-Machine gun- colonizers win war easier- no
longer balance of power
-New medicines
-Quinine to combat Malaria
-Europeans used to not be able to go to Africa due to fear of dying of Malaria

Slave Resistance

Resistance since the beginning of recorded slavery, regardless of empire

Abolition is tied to slave resistance

Examples given were Brazil, Haiti, and the indigenous people burning down Columbus' first colony on Hispaniola

Types of resistance varied: armed resistance, religious revitalization , cultural/ethnic reclamation

Social Darwinism

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform

-New branches of science: Craniology, physiogonmy
-racial superiority due to science

"Scientific racism"

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Usman dan Fodio

scholar who inspired resistance against corruption and European control; began an Islamic revival in northern Nigeria

Wahhabism/Salafism

Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Belief that Islam had degraded

Called for a return to "pure" Islam

fought against false idols & superstition→ worshipping trees, at tombs, making sacrifices to false idols

unhappy that people were venerating saints
mid to late 1700s

Water Pollution and the Industrial Revolution

19th century

urban pollution from sewage and industry

waterways were drain spot

also rural from fertilizer and animal waste with rise of water-borne diseases

White Man's Burden

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took.

What Europeans and Americans "had to do" to bring civilization

engrained in aspects of society
"Civilizing" Filipinos, 1900-1903
Have a particular hat → by end, they have a uniform
Forced to cut hair and shave
Posture gets straighter over time

This was the ideal- making "heathens" better

World's Fairs

- Took 2 years to set up, lasted for a few months, created to portray to people that America was a wonderful, modern, exciting and welcoming country, contradictory to it's reality of immigrants in tenements.
- a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations.

Columbian Exposition

-Informal practice of racialization

1893, Chicago U.S.

marked arrival of US as new industrial power and Chicago as industrial power, pride in industry and the empire, 27 million people came!!

-offered opportunities to display industrial innovations and wealth gained from empire among the industrialized empires

nationalism

Revolutionary Ideals that Changed the World

1. Freedom
2. Republicanism
3. Democracy
4. Capitalism and "Free Trade"
5. Industrialization and New Wealth
6. Modernity

What made the "New Imperialism" new?

More intentionally imperial

Rapid colonization over decades, not centuries,

Few settlers from colonizing countries,

Larger local populations,

Explicit worldview of European/white racial and
moral superiority,

Focus on Africa

Imperialism part of a shared national identity

Traits of the First Wave of Empire Building: Early 1400s - Mid 1700s

Empires:
- desired to gain wealth and power
- believed in their own superiority
- used religion/morality to justify conquest
- were constrained by local conditions

New Justification for Empire

- Civic superiority
- Technological superiority
- Racial superiority
- Religious superiority

Islamic Revitalization (Arabian Peninsula)

- Wahhabism/Salafism
- Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab
- Attacked degradation of Islam at the local level
- Called for a return to "pure" Islam
- Movement defeated in 1818
- A lot of the ideas developed in this period are the precursor to the communist/terrorist, ultraconservative understanding of Islam
- ultraconservative understanding of Islam growing in opposition of the growing Christians.

Islamic Revitalization (Northern Nigeria)

- Fulani Uprising (1804)
- Usman dan Fodio
- Called for a return to a "pure" Islamic past
- Waged jihad against non-believers
- Central role of women
- Result: the Sokoto Caliphate (Empire), 1804 - 1903

"Formal" Colonialism

- British Colonization in India
- American Colonization in the "West"
- French Colonization of Algeria

Why Colonize India and not Elsewhere?

Indian Context:
- Britain had a historic trade relationship
enough experience with Indian context to be aware of the local conditions in India. Local infrastructures and how things operated. Eventually able to take advantages of certain things. (instability)
- Mughal Empire weakened by Sikh/Maratha Empires
- Formed alliances with mansabdars

Results:
- Indian De-industrialization
- Pushed India towards Agriculture
- New Supplier of raw cotton and opium.

European/American Investments in Latin America

Latin American Context:
- Just fought wars of independence
- Welcomed European/US Culture and investment
- SO: No need to colonize
Resulting Investments:
- Railroads and Canals Public Utilities
- Banks
- Insurance Companies
- Public Utilities
-not colonize LA because they just fought wars of independence, so would have stronger resistance.

4 Ways Infrastructure Changed Human Relationships with Nature

1. Economic Change: the world was smaller and more accessible for people and commodities.
2. Environmental Change: the world was transformed to facilitate connections regardless of the environmental cost.
3. Cultural/Social Change: the world was now experienced through a window on a train.
4. Intellectual Change: humans began to see change as "progress" and "moving forward"

British Wealth in India

Cotton (Eastern India)
Opium (Western India)

How did the growing economic and military power of industrializing nations changed the way the world was connected?

- railroads, canals, and other infrastructure
- banking and international loans
- forced trade

Types of Resistance

- armed resistance
- religious revitalization
- cultural/ethnic reclamation
*resistance forged around charismatic leaders

French Revolution and North Africa

- Napoleon invaded Egypt (in the middle of the French Revolution)
- Algeria formed an alliance with France and fed French troops.
- All food and stuff while they were in Egypt came from Algeria.
- Problem of Barbary Pirates (problem of the ottoman empire)

Consumerism fueled an emerging middle class backed by the "Four Dreams of Consumerism", what are they?

1. Abundance
2. Democracy of Goods: Everyone has access to these goods, if you don't have it it's your fault.
3. Freedom of Choice: being able to pick through like 20 phones.
4. Novelty

Glorification of Non-productivity and Idleness

"Idleness" John William Godward (c. 1900)
vs
"Idleness at the Expense of the White Man," 1866

How did the Second IR change meanings of Womanhood?

Gendered Divisions of Labor:
After the Second IR, with men going to work in the factory, there were divisions of labor that didn't necessarily exist before.
- Changing meanings of womanhood
- Women became consumers of the household
- "Cult of Domesticity"
- Case Study: "Kristin Hoganson - Buying into Empire"

Scorched Earth Policy

German soldiers salting and burning agricultural fields so that the local populations could not grow food on their own. Trying to minimize the spread of the rebellion.

Chattel Slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.