chapter 33 - franklin d. roosevelt and the shadow of war

london economic conference

•  sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates

  • to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression → especially by stabilizing the values of various nation’s currencies

tydings mcduffie act

• provided for the independence of the philippines after a twelve year period of economic and political tutelage

good neighbor policy

• a departure from the roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine

  • this policy stressed non-intervention in latin america

  • friendly relations with latin america

seventh pan american conference

• 1933 → conference in montevideo uruguay in which the united states formally endorsed non interventionism

reciprocal trade agreements act

• 1934 → reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without senate approval

  • designed to life american export trade from the dollar doldrums, aimed at both relief and recovery

totalitarianism

• the philosophy in which loyalty to the state means everything

rome-berlin axis

• a treaty in which nazi germany, under adolf hitler, allied themselves with fascist italy, by benito mussolini

havana conference of 1940

• the united states agreed to share its responsibility of upholding the monroe doctrine

washington naval conference

• 1921 → president harding invited delegates from europe and japan

• agreed to limit production of warships, to not attack each other’s possessions, and to respect china’s independence

panay incident of 1937

• japanese bombers engaged in war with china bomb and sank the marked united states gunboat panay and three standard oil ships → which were evacuating american officials from china

• japan accepted responsibility for bombing the ships

  • made a formal apology

  • promised indemnities later set at $2 million

conscription law

• september 6, 1940

• under this measure, america’s first peacetime draft was initiation

  • provision was made for training 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves each year

destroyers for bases

• roosevelt’s compromise for helping britain as he could not sell britain united states destroyers without defying the neutrality act

• britain received 50-year-old, but still serviceable, united states destroyers in exchange for giving the united states the right to build military based on british islands in the caribbean

tripartite pact

• 1935 → agreement with germany, italy, and japan

johnson debt default act

• spiteful act that prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the united states

  • prevented debtor nations from borrowing from the united states

  • in cause of events of ww1

veterans of future wars

• satirical princeton group agitating for war benefits before they were drafted

neutrality acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

• short-sighted acts to prevent american participation in european war

  • isolationist/neutral policy

• stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would go into effect

abraham lincoln brigade

• idealistic american volunteers who served the in spanish civil war

  • defending spanish republican forces from the fascist general francisco franco’s nationalist coup

quarantine speech

• an important speech delivered by FDR

  • called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargoes

  • isolation from italy and japan

appeasement

• the policy followed by leaders of britain and france at the 1938 conference in munich

  • purpose was to avoid war

  • allowed hitler to conquer some territories in hopes that he would leave alone others

hitler-stalin pact

• treaty signed in 1939

• germany and the soviet union agreed not to fight each other

  • basically gave hitler a green light to make war on western democracies

neutrality act of 1939

• stipulated that european democracies might buy american munitions (military weapons)

  • only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships

kristallnacht

• german for “night of broken glass”

• refers to the murderous pogrom that destroyed jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps in 1938

war refugee board

• an united states agency formed to help rescue jews from german-occupied territories

• to provide relief to inmates of nazi concentration camps

lend-lease bill

• law that abandoned former pretense of neutrality by allowing americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to many nation defending itself against the axis powers

  • allowed allied nations to buy american war goods on a cash and carry basis

atlantic charter

• meeting on a warship off the coast of newfoundland in 1941

• FDR and british prime minister winston churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path towards disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security

pearl harbor

• an american naval base in hawaii

• attack → when japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 30,000 casualties on december 7, 1941

  • brought america into ww2

FDR’s four freedoms

• freedom of speech

• freedom of worship

• freedom from want

• freedom from fear

GI bill of rights

• servicemen's readjustment → prevented unemployment for returning citizens

black sunday

• december 7, 1941

• the day when japan bombed pearl harbor

benito mussolini

• fascist dictator of italy (1922-1943)

• led italy to conquer ethiopia in 1935

• joined germany in the axis path in 1936

  • allied italy with germany in ww2

• overthrown in 1943 when the allies invaded italy

adolf hitler

• born in austria

• became a radical german nationalist during ww1

• in the 1920s, he led the national socialist german workers’ party → the nazi party

• became dictator of germany in 1933

  • led europe into ww2

francisco franco

• a spanish general

• organized the revolt in morocco

  • led to the spanish civil war

• leader of the nationalists → right wing (overthrew the left-leaning republican government of spain)

  • supported by hitler and mussolini

  • war the civil war after three years of fighting

cordell hull

• congressman from tennessee

• became the secretary of state under FDR

  • served in that position longer than anyone in american history

• designed trade agreements with latin america

• referred to as the “father of the united nations”

• won the nobel peace prize in 1945

wendell l. willkie

• lawyer in the united states

• dark horse republican party nominee for the 1940 presidential election

• was a liberal who was against domestic policies of the new year

  • though that they were inefficient and anti-business

fulgencio batista

• military strongman who came into power in cuba → 1934

  • overthrowing the platt amendment bound government

gerald nye

• headed a senate committee in 1934 to investigate the military industrial complex

winston churchill

• british orator who nerved his people to fight off the fearful air bombings of their cities