HIST 190 Final Exam

Black Codes

• 1865, created on a state-by-state basis to provide “new rights”

• Freedmen = legal status of former slaves

• Restricted codes on rights like marriage, contracts, testimonies, and property

Reconstruction Amendments

• 1865, 13th Amendment: abolished slavery and servitude

• 1868, 14th Amendment: citizenship = born or naturalized citizen in the U.S.

• 1870, 15th Amendment: granted suffrage regardless of race, color, or former slave condition

Gold Rush and Manifest Destiny

• 1848, gold discovered in American River, CA → international Gold Rush

• 1845, John O’Sullivan published “Annexation” → coined term Manifest Destiny

• Western expansion was exclusive to Anglo-Saxons

  • Settlement = shows white supremacy

Population and Discrimination in San Francisco

• San Francsico = “instant city”

  • Chinese immigrants moved to SF as a result of the Gold Rush and Transcontinental Road

• 1850, Foreign Miners Tax Law = $20 fee per month on immigrant miners

• 1851, SF Vigilance Committee formed to target Chinese population

People v. Hall

• 1853, George Hall was found guilty of murdering Ling Sing

• 1854, it became a California Supreme Court case to appeal original conviction (guilty → not guilty)

• Showed continued injustice

  • 1872, 14th Amendment changed laws regarding testimony

Transcontinental Railroad

• 1862, Pacific Railroad Bill passed

  • Allowed the Union & Central Pacific to build railroad

• West Coast, Central Pacific was owned by the “Big 4” (wealthiest men in America)

• 1869, two rail lines connected the East and West coasts at Promontory Point, Utah

Chinese Labor in the Central Pacific

• 10% of 12,000 Chinese men died building the Transcontinental Railroad

• Chinese earned 30-50% less income than white men

• (unsuccessful) “1867 Labor Strike” was one of the first labor unions in CA

  • led by Chinese workers demanding better pay

The Civil Rights Cases

• 1866, 1st Civil Rights Act: citizens are equally protected by law

• 1875, 2nd Civil Rights Act: prohibited discrimination in public settings

• 1883: the Supreme Court chose five cases to test the validity of the 1875 Civil Rights Act

  • Supreme Court ruled the Act as unconstitutional

Plessy vs. Ferguson

• Homer Plessy was forced to move to the car for people of color

• 1896, Supreme Court did not approve his case and established “separate but equal”

• as the minority dissent, Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan said the “constitution is colorblind”

  • ruling was overturned in 1954

The Jim Crow South

• Jim Crow was a character featured in minstrel shows (early 19th century)

• The racial stereotypes of minstrel shows became the basis of the Jim Crow Era and the South + segregation policies

• Relied on myths of white supremacy and white privilege

Second Industrial Revolution

• between 1870s-1920s = an expansion of technology, urbanization, consumerism, and capitalism

• (photojournalist) Jacob Riis depicted the rise of poverty in NY through his book How the Other Half Lives

• an influx of immigration → immigrants working in factories for long hours + low pay

Ellis Island

• opened in 1892 and served as an immigration station for 50 years

• immigrants were Jewish, Italian, German, Polish, and Irish

  • they anticipated to receive good wages and living conditions

• they experienced health exams, personal interrogations, and Americanized their names

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

• March 1911, NYC = fire in busy textile factory

• factory fire killed 146 young Jewish and Italian women

• instilled new workplace safety laws, first responder policies, and boosted unionization

Chinese Massacre of 1871

• October 1871, white bystander was shot engaging conflict with two groups of Chinese men and women

• 500 men attacked the Chinese community in LA → 19 men murdered

• Rise of Vigilantism in CA → targeting Black, Latino, and Asian communities

Chinese Exclusion Act

• Before the 1880s, Congress received petitions to address the “Chinese Question”

• 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act passed = barred Chinese immigrants for 10 yrs

• It was renewed until 1943 → replaced with immigration quota system

Angel Island

• initially used as a Civil War Reserve Area and Fort

  • 1905 → immigration station

• existed from 1910-1940: utilized by Japanese, Chinese, and Russian immigrants

  • burned down by fire

• poetry on the walls revealed hardships and personal hopes

Ida B. Wells

• born into slavery and became a writer for the Memphis Free Speech

  • wrote about Civil Rights issues in the South

• 1892, published “Southern Horrors” (new life in NY)

• started an anti-lynching movement

  • → became crucial to Civil Rights activism

W.E.B. Du Bois

• a free man who was the first black man to receive a doctorate from Harvard

• 1903, published “The Souls of Black Folk”

  • mixed history + sociology

• a founder of the Niagara Movement

  • became editor of “The Crisis,” a Civil Rights NAACP publication

Social Darwinism

• late 1800s, popularized by Herbert Spencer (English social scientist)

• a scientific racism to justify racial “superiority” and industrial economies

  • inspired by Charles Darwin

• “White Man’s Burden” = white men’s responsibility to spread civilization

  • popularized by Rudyard Kipling

Chicago World’s Fair

• 1893, Columbian World’s Exposition = display progress since Columbus

• displayed electricity → nicknamed fair “white city”

• portrayed stereotypes of “normal life circumstances” in the U.S.

Women's Suffrage

• 1840s, Seneca Falls, NY → Elizabeth Cady Stanton led a suffrage movement

• By the 19th century Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth, and Alice Paul became leaders

• Resulted in the 19th Amendment of 1920

Great Northward Migration

• prejudice and economic limitation in the South forced millions of people to move Northward

• two phases; b/n 1910-1970 over 6 million people moved to Detroit, Pittsburg, and NYC

• post WWII era, “white flight” = a reaction to growing diversity of urban city centers

Consumption and Advertising

• development of products → advertising a necessity for consumption

• created a culture of “haves and have-nots”

• using racial stereotypes and cultural stigma was acceptable

  

WWI

• 1914, a Serbian Nationalist assassinated Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, and Germany

• Entente/Allies: UK, France, and Russia

• The US entered in April 1917 and helped defeat the Central Powers in November 1918

  • resulted in “total war” that mobilized society

Soldiers Coming Home

• 1918, many soldiers experienced “shell shock” = PTSD

• Black soldiers rarely engaged in combat

  • “Harlem Hellfighters” served the French military

• 1919, Red Summer = involved thousands of people who intimidated and attacked Black communities

Black Wall Street

• Summer 1921, Dick Rowland rode an elevator with a white girl who accused him

• a large thriving Black working class emerged in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Greenwood District

  • May 1921, white people retaliated against them

• Tulsa Massacre = 300 people killed

The Harlem Renaissance

• 1920s, Harlem, NY = the rise of artistic expression and political involvement in black communities

• 1925, Alain Locke’s “The New Negro” characterized the renaissance as spiritual emancipation

• Marcus Garvey created the Civil Rights organization U.N.I.A.

The Great Depression

• “buying on the margin” influenced people to buy stocks → market instability

• October 29, 1929, the Great Crash

• 1932, Franklin Roosevelt became president

  • over 25% of the population was unemployed → New Deal program

The New Deal

• 1933, federal intervention to stimulate employment and re-establish supply & demand

• included the NRA, CCC, ERAA, SSA, and FSA + other policies

• impacted rural communities → over one million people from Midwest & Great Plains migrated to CA

  • Depression lasted through the 30s

Hitler’s Invasion

• Was influenced by Benito Mussolini’s fascism

• Belief: the Jewish population should be exterminated → pure German race

  • Lebenstraum would give rise to their greatness

• began 1939, Poland, and spread through Europe using “lightning war” strategy

Pearl Harbor

• Emperor Hirohito led Japanese government → signed the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo treaty = “Evil Empires”

• US stopped trading resources w/ Japan

  • → Surprise attack on PH in Hawaii, December 7, 1941

• Over 300 aircraft, 8 battleships destroyed, and 2,400 people died

Tuskegee Airmen + context of WWII

• Axis Powers: Italy, Germany, and Japan

• Allied Powers: USA, UK, and USSR

  • US military was segregated

• 1941, Executive Order 8802 issued by FDR

  • → banned racial discrimination at war

• 99th Pursuit Squadron = Group of Tuskegee Airmen trained at Tuskegee Institute, known as “Red Tails” that went on over 15,000 missions during WWII

Women At War

• WWII allowed women to apply for auxiliary branches of military: W.A.C., W.A.V.E.S., and W.A.S.P.S.

• “Rosie the Riveter” - a propaganda that promoted women at war

• reality of “last hired, first fired” led to post-war women’s movement

  

Executive Order 9066

• 1942, Japanese American communities were forced into temporary detainment centers → incarceration camps = “internment camps”

  • direct reaction to PH

• Camps (Manzanar) closed down at the end of war → sparked Japanese Civil Rights Movement

• 1980s, government gave formal apology

Holocaust

• November 9&10, 1938: “Night of Broken Glass” = years of persecution and murder against Jews

• Nazi concentration camps → 6 million Jews & 5 million “undesirables” murdered

• US War Refugee Administration helped those who escaped find safety

Atomic Deployments

• Manhattan Project: a secret government project created to develop W.M.D. (weapon of mass destruction)

• Leader Robert Oppenheimer tested the first atomic bomb in July 1945, New Mexico

• August 6th & 9th, 1945: bomb deployed at Hiroshima and Nagasaki → Japanese surrender

  • Allied Powers won war

Zoot Suit Riots

• June 1943, tensions between navy sailors and Pachucos in LA

• over 500 people were involved, no deaths, young Mexican Americans were arrested

• it spread to different urban city centers

Congress of Racial Equality

• 1920s, A. Philip Randolph led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters → forefather of the modern civil rights movement

• 1942, Farmer and Rustin created C.O.R.E. to advocate for nonviolent civil disobedience

• C.O.R.E. promoted the “V.V. Campaign” = victory at home and abroad

Cold War

• began after WWII in 1945 and lasted until the 1980s

  • political division between Soviet Union and US

• Harry Truman popularized “containment” = policy against communism

• 1950s, US supported South Korea in their war → first conflict w/ racially integrated military

Brown V. Board of Education

• Oliver Brown advocated for his daughter to attend nearby white school

• 1954, it reversed the legal precedent of the 1896 Plessy ruling

• As a result, they created private schools and temporarily shut down public schools

Emmett Till

• August 1955, Till came from Mississippi to visit Chicago and whistled at a white woman

• He was murdered by two white men → put on trial and were acquitted

• His mother opted for an open-casket funeral

Montgomery Bus Boycotts

• December 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat to a white bus patron → Montgomery rallied for her

• 1955-1956, Montgomery Improvement Association started the boycott

  • they striked the bus system by taking taxis, carpooling, or walking

• 1956, Montgomery and the South incorporated more laws allowing racial integration on public buses

Martin Luther King Jr.

• MLK attended Morehouse College and became a Baptist Minister

• He became known for his speeches during the bus boycotts

• 1963, MLK wrote “A Letter From Birmingham Jail” and “I Have A Dream” speech, and advocated for non-violent civil disobedience

• April 1968, MLK gave his last speech (I’ve Been to the Mountaintop) in Memphis, Tennessee before getting assassinated on April 4

Southern Manifesto

• 1956, 100 congressmen made a document that criticized the Brown decision

• They advised others not to practice racial integration in public education and spread the Jim Crow message

• 1957, the “Little Rock 9” were accompanied by the National Guard to attend high school

Malcolm X

• a zoot suiter who raised himself and got arrested for larceny

• He joined Islam, changed his name from Little to “X,” and became an alternate voice of Black Rights activism

• He popularized “Black is Beautiful” and “Black Power,” and was assassinated in February 1963, NYC

Black Panthers

• 1966, Oakland, CA

  • it was the party for Self-Defense, founded by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale

• members wore a black beret to portray a militant style

• “10-Point Plan” = address police misconduct, hunger/economic insecurities, and injustice

Colonias in Southern California

• 1910 Mexican Revolution → influx of immigrants move to SoCal

  • agribusinesses hoped to gain advantage

• Colonias = a temporary/permanent living space for the Mexican workforce

  • built by packing houses

• they were limited because of redlining practices

Mendez v. Westminster

• 1946, segregation against Mexican children in CA schools

• 1947, Federal Court of Appeals ruled desegregation in schools

  • CA legislature passed the Anderson Bill to ensure racial integration

• Change occurred bc children’s futures were at stake

Bracero Program and Deportation

• 1942-1964, the gov’t created the Bracero Program to provide temporary work permits to 4 million Mexican workers

• 1955, Truman initiated “Operation Wetback” = deported over 1 million Mexican workers

• This event + Zoot Suit Riots sparked the Latino Rights movement in the 1960s

Dolores Huerta & Cesar Chavez

• CHAVEZ: a migrant worker from Arizona, moved to CA to spread his activism for Mexican American Rights

• HUERTA: from CA, she witnessed her brother’s brutality as a Zoot Suiter, and was a leading voice in Latino activism

• Both founded the United Farm Workers (UFW)

  • their nonviolent activism resulted in new collective bargaining agreements

 Chicano Movement

• (before WWII), “Chicano” = a derogatory term

  • the next generation aimed to reclaim identity w/ self-love and self-expression

• Brown Berets: founded in East LA, they embraced “Brown Pride” and “Brown Power”

• M.A.P.A., M.A.L.D.E.F., and M.E.Ch.A. were Chicano rights organizations of the Modern Rights era

The Great Society

• November 1963: Lyndon Johnson was elected president

  • 1964: the Great Society = Congress helped sweep policy changes

• 1964: the Civil Rights Act passed

• 1965: the Voting Rights Act & the Immigration and Nationality Act passed

  • it also included war on poverty: HUD, the NEH, NEA, Medicare, and Medicaid

Vietnam War (pre-war)

• 1946-1954: the First Indochina War took place

  • Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh became influential

• Truman and Eisenhower supported a Democratic Vietnam

  • Kennedy sent 16,000 troops → Vietnam

  • Johnson sent 500,000 troops → Vietnam

Vietnam War (post-war)

• Nixon began Vietnamization = gradual troop withdrawal

• 1973: the US exited the war

• 1975: President Ford passed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act

Counterculture

• “beatniks” = a youth subculture that emerged in major cities during the 1950s

  • they expressed themselves in art, writing, and protest

• “hippies”/”hipsters” = 1960s-70s: people who used music to express their views on Civil Rights, Vietnam, and the government

• Timothy Leary = “tune in, turn on, and drop out” and advocated for the recreational use of LSD

Women’s Liberation Movement

• 1963: Betty Friedan published “The Feminine Mystique” = challenged women’s domesticity and “separate spheres”

• 1960s-80s: Second Wave feminism = focused on reproductive freedom & health, equal pay, and equal opportunities in education & politics

• 1972: Title IX passed

• 1973: Roe v. Wade

• 1970 to early 80s: the ERA could not be approved

  • (Equal Rights Amendment)

Indigenous Rights Movement

• 1960s: the National Indian Youth Council was formed to address minimal educational opportunities, poverty, and discrimination

• IAT and AIM became the two most influential Indigenous Rights groups

• 1970s: two nonviolent movements, the Occupation of Wounded Knee and the “Long March”/”Longest Walk “ took place to raise awareness

Indigenous Occupation

• 1969: Alcatraz was the most widely publicized occupation

• it occupied over 300 people until 1971 = they created their own schools, jobs, and protested using the media’s interest

• 1973: Alcatraz was named a national landmark to protect the Island’s history

Asian American Rights Movement

• 1944: Supreme Court ruled on Korematsu v. US deeming Japanese incarceration as constitutional

  • as a result, the new generation of Japanese Americans protested for their families

• Jackson Street Council was one of the first organizations

  • followed by ASC and ACE in the 60s

• One aim was to end stigmatization and the term “oriental”

• 1970s: they fought for housing and education access

Third World Liberation Front

• 1968: Black and Asian students from SFSU protested the curriculum and admission practices

• TWLF originated in SF, spread to UC Berkeley, and promoted an Ethnic Studies program

• As a result, Black studies, Chicano studies, and Indigenous studies were created in the early 1970s

  • Asian American studies continued a new trend in higher education

Gay Rights Movement

• prior 1970s: APA considered being gay as a “mental illness” → police raids at safe spaces for the LGBTQ+ community

• 1969: a large protest and riot held at the Stonewall Inn → the first Pride March encouraging empowerment & self-love

• 1980s: the AIDS epidemic → stigmatized gay community

  • “Silence = Death” campaign and protest encouraged Reagan to conduct research

Disability Rights Movement

• 1930s: the League of the Physically Handicapped was one of the first organizations, followed by ACCD and A.D.A.P.T.

• Judy Heumann (a prominent figure) advocated for the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

• April 1977: the 504 Protest in SF emphasized the importance of accessibility in workplaces

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

• David Walker: son of an enslaved man & a free woman, he inherited his mom’s legal status

• 1829: he published a manifesto about American hypocrisy

• He advocates for pan-African activism to end slavery in the US and other countries

Ain't I A Woman?

• Isabella Baumfree: born into slavery, ran away, and freed by an abolitionist who purchased her freedom

• She renamed herself Sojourner Truth and became an evangelical preacher who spoke against slavery

• 1851, Akron, Ohio: she gave a speech regarding the lack of diversity in the suffrage movement and the experiences of Black women

Origins of Film

• late 1800s: still photography was added to form a zoetrope → moving pictures

• Muybridge and Edison revolutionized early filmmaking

  • early 1900s: silent films became popular

• 1920s: the “talkie” era began when synchronized sound was incorporated into filmmaking

The Birth of a Nation

• “The Clansmen,” by Thomas Dixon was a book that glorified the KKK

• 1915: D.W. Griffith released the film, embracing a romanticized version of the post-Civil War era

• Several actors performed “blackface” and perpetuated racial stereotypes

Racial Stereotyping in Film

• (mid-20th century): black face became common in early film

  • influenced by minstrel shows in the 19th century

• Actors of color were limited and could only play domestic or servile characters

• television revealed the continuation of past realities, but provided new opportunities for diverse storylines

Anna May Wong

• Grew up in LA and chose to watch movies over school and working for the family business

• Film debut: She starred in The Red Lantern, a film adaptation of Madame Butterfly

• Became a well-known actor in Europe and had 100 titles to her name

Origins of Radio

• Inventors of the radio: Hertz, Maxwell, and Marconi

• 1920s: the first commercial radio broadcast station was KDKA from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

  • the first national broadcast was NBC

• 1940s: the radio featured plays, live sports, and breaking news

  • the government used it to communicate with citizens

Sensational Broadcasts

• 1898: H.G. Wells published the novel "The War of the Worlds"

• 1938: Orson Welles produced radio plays for Mercury Theater and adapted "The War of the Worlds."

• the sensational broadcast was based on a fake alien invasion and led people to question its authenticity

Origins of Network TV

• Inventors, Nipkow and Farnsworth helped create television and NBC was the first national network

• 1939: Television debuted at the NY World’s Fair

  • 1950s: 7 out of 10 households owned at least one TV

• 1960s: TV gained popularity → people watched the Vietnam War = “TV War”

  • millions of people witnessed Americans walk on the moon on TV

I Love Lucy

• Lucille Ball starred in radio play "My Favorite Husband," → created the show, I Love Lucy

• 1951: the show debuted, it featured the first Latino male lead, and first pregnant woman lead

• it revolutionized situational comedy

  • when Desilu Productions opened, Lucille Ball became one of the wealthiest women in Hollywood

Origins of Rock 'n' Roll

• 1951: “Rocket 88” was the first rock ‘n’ roll record

  • DJ Alan Freed created the term rock ‘n’ roll

• 1940s: it blended R&B, gospel, country, and "rock-a-billy"

• early 50s: it was innovated by Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Fat Domino

• 1960s: young college students used folk music to express frustrations w/ the gov’t and civil rights

Origins of Hip Hop

• 1970s: Hip Hip emerged from the Bronx, NY and was based on the “four pillars” = Djing, MCing, Graffiti, and breakdancing

• 1979: “Rapper’s Delight” = hip hop’s first commercial success

  • 1980s: artists had difficulty being featured on MTV

• Video Music Box helped artists gain a national audience

• early 1990s: some became entrepreneurs

Rise of the Computer

• 1890s: Hollerith Co. created a computation machine and later became International Business Machines (IBM)

• ABC and Zuse made their own computers

  • 1950s: Jack Kilby popularized the microchip

• 1970s: the Apple I debuted, followed by Apple II and Macintosh

  • → personal computing became more affordable and commonplace

Impact of the Internet

• 1960s: theorist JCR Licklider envisioned a “galactic network” of connected/communicating computers

• The Internet was first called Arpanet and was used for the gov’t, military, and higher education institutions

• World Wide Web revolutionized, commercialized, and monetized the Internet through ISPs

  • 1990s: Internet → private homes

The 90s

• 1991: Rodney King was brutally beaten by law enforcement

  • 1992: policemen were acquitted → LA riots

• 1993: a bomb deployed at the World Trade Center, NY = an act of foreign terrorism

• 1995: Oklahoma City, Federal Building bombs was domestic terrorism

• 1999: Columbine HS, two students killed teachers and students

September 11, 2001

• “9/11” involved four planes highjacked by foreign terrorist organization, Al-Qaeda

• Two planes hit the World Trade Center, one hit the Pentagon, and one crash landed in Pennsylvania and ultimately killing 3,000 people

• the War on Terrorism began in Afghanistan and Iraq

  • → New security policies like the PATRIOT ACT and DHS

Barack Obama

• a former law professor who became a U.S. senator and represented the progressive “New Democratic Party”

• he was elected president in 2008 and served two terms

  • his vice president, Joe Biden, would later become president

• he passed the A.C.A. = the Affordable Care Act, provided universal health coverage

  • He enacted environmental policies and defunded space research

Great Recession

• early 2000s: the economy experienced the dot.com bust → largely impacted the stock market

• 2007: subprime mortgage lending → widespread economic downturn

• lasted from 2008-2010: millions became unemployed → protest movements such as “Occupy Wall Street” and “Tea Party Movement,”

  • → to transform the government’s role in the economy