Edexcel GCSE History - Richard and John

Birth of Richard

1157

Birth of John

1166

Richard betrothed to Alys and pays homage to Louis VII of France

1169

Henry (The Young King) crowned to ensure succession

1170

Richard and Eleanor leave for Aquitaine

1171

Richard given title of Duke of Aquitaine

1172

Richard puts down French rebellions

1173

Richard rebels against father with brothers and Louis VII

1173

Louis VII makes peace with Henry II

1174

Henry forgives Richard for rebellion

1174

Richard takes castle of Tallebourg and ends revolt by nobility

1179

Richard refuses to swear fealty to Henry the Young King

1180

Henry the Young King and Geoffrey invade Aquitaine to force him to swear fealty

1183

Henry the Young King dies after contracting dysentry

1183

King Henry II demands Richard gives Aquitaine to John

1185

Richard allies with Philip of France

1187

Richard breaks betrothal to Alys and becomes betrothed to Berengaria of Navarre

1189

Henry II makes Richard heir after he rebels again

1189

Henry II dies

1189

Richard becomes Duke of Normandy and King of England

1189

Richard crowned

1190

Richard and Philip begin the Third Crusade, leaving William Longchamp and Hugh de Puiset in charge of England

1190

Richard and Philip reach Sicily

1190

Richard and Philip conquer Cyprus

1191

Richard marries Berengaria of Navarre

1191

Richard sieges Acre

1191

Acre falls to crusaders

1191

Philip returns to France

1191

Richard defeats Saladin in the Battle of Arsuf

1191

John overthrows William Longchamp and takes England

1191

Richard takes Jaffa

1191

Richard reaches Jerusalem

1192

Richard beats Saladin in the Battle of Jaffa

1192

Treaty of Jaffa

1192

Richard begins return to England

1192

Richard captured and ransomed by Duke Leopold V of Austria

1192

Richard transferred to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who ransoms him for 150,000 marks - double the annual income of the Crown.

1193

Richard is freed after ransom is paid

1194

Richard lays siege to Nottingham Castle, where John is hiding

1194

Richard is crowned for the second time

1194

Richard reclaims lands in Normandy in the Battle of Freteval

1194

Richard dies after a crossbow wound festers

1199

John becomes ruler of Ireland

1177

John visits Ireland for the first time

1185

Richard designates Arthur of Brittany as his heir

1190

Richard confiscates all of John's properties

1194

Richard nominates John rather than Arthur as his successor on his deathbed

1199

Treaty of Le Goulet

1200

John marries Isabella of Angouleme

1200

Hugh de Lusignan complains to Philip, who orders John to appear in court

1202

John ignores Philip's summons to court and his French lands are given to Arthur of Brittany

1202

Arthur of Brittany is murdered

1203

Philip takes control of Normany

1204

Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, dies

1205

Pope Innocent III declares that Stephen Langton should be the new Archbishop of Canterbury

1206

John introduces income tax, unpopular with barons and church

1207

John is served an interdict on England as a result of refusing Stephen Langton as the Archbishop of Canterbury. John confiscates church property, causing many churchmen to flee abroad.

1208

John is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III

1209

John demands money from Jews, or imprisons them. Many left the country.

1210

John agrees that Stephen Langton can be Archbishop of Canterbury

1212

Pope lifts the excommunication on John

1213

Interdict on England lifted

1214

Philip defeats John in the Battle of Bouvines

1214

John met with rebellious barons in London

1215

John swore an oath to go on Crusade to gain favour with the Pope

1215

The Pope ordered the barons to stop rebelling against John

1215

The barons took control of London

1215

Magna Carta

1215

The Pope declares the Magna Carta null and void

1215

The Barons' War

1215

John takes Rochester Castle from the barons

1215

John takes East Anglia

1216

Philip sends French forces to London to support the barons, who promised to make his son Louis King of England

1216

Louis lands in Kent and takes Rochester Castle

1216

Louis takes Winchester

1216

John dies at Newark Castle and is succeeded by his son, Henry

1216

Average annual income for a baron

£200

Average annual income for a merchant

£20

How many knights were there in England?

4,500

What percentage of land did barons own?

50%

What percentage of land did the Church own?

25%

What percentage of land was the Royal Demesne?

20%

Give two features of the relationship between kings and barons

Homage and military service (or scutage)

Give two features of the feudal system

The knight service and the labour service

Describe two features of the knight service

Knights held land in return for completing military service for a lord. Service was for 40 days per year. A knight had to help a lord if he was imprisoned. He would be expected to contribute money to pay a ransom.

Describe two features of the labour service

Nobles rented land to free men. Sons of land-holding men had to pay their lord to take over their father's lands. Unfree labourers, called villeins, also had to perform labour service. They worked the land in return for a small piece of their own land.

Give two features of life in towns

There were a wider range of jobs in towns than the country. These included merchants and tradesmen. Towns held special privileges that villages could not have. One example of this is holding a market.

How many monasteries were there in England?

900

Give three ways time in purgatory could be reduced

Going to church. Donating to the church. Going on a pilgrimage or crusade.

Give two ways in which Jews were exploited

At any time, the king could force them to pay tallages. The king owned all their possessions.

Give two rights of Jews that were not granted to Christians

The right to travel freely and the right to charge interest on money lending

Give three factors in causing the pogroms

Debt to Jews, attempt to give gifts to Richard at his coronation, anti-semitic propaganda during the crusades

What three oaths did a king take at his coronation?

Protect the Church, offer justice, act with mercy

Give three ways Richard secured his power upon becoming king

Made Geoffrey Archbishop of York, as clerics cannot be king. Banned John from England for three years. Gave unruly barons and John lands in England without castles, to appease them without giving them places to launch rebellions from.

What was the highest percentage of the royal income, and what was it?

29% was profits from justice

What was the annual English revenue between 1199 and 1202?

£24,000

What was the annual English revenue between 1207 and 1214?

£49,000

Give three ways John increased revenue between 1207 and 1214?

The Thirteenth, a tax on rents and moveables. More scutages. Seized barons' lands if they did not pay their debt in new time periods.

Give the four 'r' motives for joining a crusade

Respect, rewards, revenge, religion

Give two ways in which Frederick Barbarossa's death was bad for the crusade

Caused conflict between Philip and Richard about who would be the new leader. Many of his men went home.