Yay 260 Midterm

Thomas Hall

Puritan that was transgender, and was ordered to wear women and mens clothes. (1600)

From Newcastle

Isle of Re

A island in france

The siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, or siege of St. Martin's, was an attempt by English forces under George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham, to capture the French fortress-city of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, on the isle of Ré, in 1627.

the opening conflict of the Anglo-French War (1627–1629) and a major defeat for the English forces, demonstrating the failure of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham's attempt to support the French Huguenots

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia.

John Smith (c. 1579 – 21 June 1631) was an English soldier, explorer, colonial governor

he played an important role in the establishment of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in the early 17th century. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony between September 1608 and August 1609, and he led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay, during which he became the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area. Later, he explored and mapped the coast of New England.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia. Also father of Pocahontas. Lots of conflicts with Puritans.

Virginia Company of London

English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America. More land in the south

Established Jamestown

Virginia Company of Plymouth

an English joint-stock company that, having gained a charter to colonize in North America from the king of England, sent an unsuccessful expedition in 1607 to settle in Maine, failed to establish a permanent colony. Had more land in the north

Sir Ferdinando Gorges

After failing, led to formation of the Council for New England, which later supported Plymouth colony

Sagadahoc River

A river in Maine

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and essentially saved Jamestown. However was not consistent, and led to troubles for the colony in the future.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Quitrent

a fee paid by landowner to feudal lord, rent paid in lieu of required feudal duties. key feature of land tenure

once a year for living or farming on someone else's land

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

the first elected legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619. Its purpose was to allow landowners to vote for representatives who could make laws, marking a transition toward self-governance and foreshadowing future democratic developments. It operated until the American Revolution

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

John Cotton

prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies

Rev. John Wheelwright

Anne Hutchinson's brother-in-law, he was banished from Massachusetts and established a settlement at Exeter in New Hampshire in 1638

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill". Also delivered, "Sinner at the hands of an Angry God". Along with other famous sermons

Sir Henry Vane

English politician, statesman, and colonial governor.

He was briefly present in North America, serving one term as the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and supported the creation of Roger Williams' Rhode Island Colony and Harvard College.

"A Healing Question"

"Great Migration"

Migration of Puritans to the New England area starting in Massachusetts and Plymouth

Sir Ferdinando Gorges

attempted to colonize Maine and the surrounding areas, but they were absorbed by Massachusetts Bay after a formal purchase in 1677 from the Gorges heirs

• People like Ferdinando Gorges lose a lot of money from Popham Colony, not a lot of return on furs

  • He has this vision of becoming colonial master

  • Spends next 20 yrs trying to come up with another colony

  • Most ppl in Plymouth just lose a lot of money

Pilgrims, separating vs non-separating congregationalists

• Separating Congregationalists (the Pilgrims) believed the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed. They completely broke away to form independent, self-governing congregations.

• Non-separating Congregationalists (the Puritans) shared many of the same beliefs but sought to "purify" or reform the Church of England from within. 

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. First self governing contract.

Freeman

Peasants who rented land or worked for pay

General Court

a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Antinomian

one who rejects a socially established morality. Anne Hutchinson was a Antinomian

Iroquois Strawberry Festival

Iroquois festival that celebrates the strawberry season

John White

Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"

Martin Frobisher

This Englishman failed 3 times in his search for the NW passage, discovering his namesake bay off of Baffin Island. He served as Vice Admiral to Sir Francis Drake's 1585 espedition to the West Indies.

Expedition to Roanoke Island, 1585

Expedition that was led to try and establish a colony in the Americas.

Secoton Tribe

Dominated the carolina region, and had conflicts with with the Roanoke settlers

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan.

Virginia Massacre

The Powhatan killed 347 people, or one-third of the English population. This Massacre of 1622 (as the settlers called it) launched what historians call the Second Anglo-Powhatan War.

Pequot War, Pequot Tribe

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

the tribe that rebelled in Connecticut over a land dispute

John Eliot

missionary who translated the Bible into the language of the Massachusetts Indians. Helped spread european religious beliefs to natives

Praying Towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

Wampanoag Tribe

Native American tribe living in Massachusetts at the time Plymouth was created.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Coosa Kingdom, Georgia

The combination of multiple tribes that banded together to try and combat european oppressors

Royal African Company

Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia.

RAC methods of acquisition:

a. Castle (or Shore) Trade;

b. Ship Trade

5. RAC methods of distribution

a. Sale in West Africa; and

b. Shipment to & Sale in British America

6. The Fall of the RAC, 1698-1750

a. Allowance of Private Traders, 1698

b. Dissolution of the Chartered Monopoly Company, 1750

c. Causes of the Fall

i. outside competition, e.g. private traders

ii. economic inefficiency: infrastructure; agents

iii. exogenous factors

commission merchants

agents that receive goods on consignment from local sellers and negotiate sales in large, central markets

Virginia Cohabitation Act of 1680

An act that was created to try and stop insurrections from slaves or other people of color

William Byrd II

A planter, slave-owner and author from Charles City County, Virginia. He is considered the founder of Richmond, Virginia

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

family structure

a. England: more highly structured; self-disciplined, large, & mobile

b. America: availability of land; shortage of labor; change in law

2. Family Order: in America, increasingly less focused on order

3. Sexual Attitudes (fornication & variance): less rigid, yet self-control & more tolerance

• Population rise in late 1600s to early/mid 1700s

•  Phenomenal growth in population between 1630-1780s

•  America became decreasingly coastal as people moved inland, largely rural (only

  around 7% of people lived in larger towns/cities), and alienated (blacks, Scots-Irish, and

  Germans were disaected groups in society and led to economic change)

• ○  Due to:

  • Natural reproduction

  • Large-scale immigration

  • Fleeing religious prosecutions

• French Huguenots

• ○  Who/When: French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the

  teachings of theologian John Calvin (emphasizing the grace of God and the doctrine of

  predestination)

• ○  Due to religious persecution by the French Catholic government during a violent

  period, Huguenots ed France in the 17th century, creating Huguenot settlements all

  over Europe, in the United States and Africa

• ○  In 1685, there was Revocation of the Edict of Fontainebleau and Louis XIV ordered

  destruction of Protestant churches and closing of Protestant schools

• ○  Protestants ee to America; They are well educated and skilled

•  Federal US Census of 1790

• ○  First census done in America

• ○  Between 1700 and 1790, there is a decrease in English and increase in other European

  groups (2 out of every 5 white people were not English in 1790); If you include Africans, English makes up less than half of the population; This is not originally what was planned for America.

• Denization deed

• ○  What: A legal document that doesn't give people full citizenship; A patent from crown

  or colony, permission to stay

• ○  Why: Lets people settle and participate in business

• ○  Who: German Merchants, Scot-Irish

• ○  Germans had to petition to come to America; Neither the British government nor the

  colonial government provided laws that work in German favor

• "Great Awakening"

• ○  Mass Evangelical movement about providing assurance, emotional connection with

  God, adds choice to religion

• ○  Religious movement from the larger port cities like Boston into the rural areas and the

  West

• ○  Rise of individualism - church is no longer private, and thus more accessible to

  individuals

• ○  Church membership was declining in British America in the 1700s while religious

  sentiment was growing. Americans could not get conrmed because all the bishops

  were in New England

• ●  Smallpox inoculation controversy of the 1720s

• ○  In Europe, Britain, and the American Colonies

• ○  Rubbing material from a smallpox pustule from a selected mild case into a scratch

  between thumb and forenger

• ○  Cotton Mather promoted this, but most physicians disagreed with him.

• ●  Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)

• ○  Moderate, rst theologist/philosopher (rst to analyze religion in great depth) Classic

  evangelical response to what is religion

• ○  Puritan, evangelicalist, preacher

  • Minister with enlightenment principles:

  • 1. Power of Human Reason (you don't have to rely on God)

  • 2. Progressive Improvement of Society (people thought society was improving)

  • 3. Laws found in Nature (There existed laws in nature)

• ○  Traveled to rural areas in the colonies to spread Christianity

George Whitefield

• ●  George Whitefield (1714-1770)

  ○ Undermines social/religious hierarchy

  ○ English Evangelist, great orator, supported the Great Awakening

“Old Lights” vs “New Lights”

• "Old Lights" v. "New Lights"

  • ○  Old lights recognized that it's innovative but they didn't want to join the Great Awakening movement because it wasn't orderly

  • ○  New lights supported the great awakening

“Men not measures”, colonial politics

● “Men not measures”

• ○  Voted for candidate's character and personality over policy/issues/political ideas

• ○  Elections in the 17/18th century was basically a popularity contest

• ○  Voters looked at religious concerns, what family they come from, if they are

  wealthy/have inuence

• ○  Property owning, white male could vote

■ 50-75% of adults were qualied to vote

• ○  No secrecy in voting (voted out loud)

• ○  Declining competitiveness in the electoral process

• ○  Colonial elites' interest aligns with the success of the colony (likes of William Byrd and

  other landowning, overcompensating fake English elites) => turn to protect their own,

  and their family's interests

• ○  In the 18th century => wanting to be like the English v. colonial treatment =>

  dissatisfaction grows

• ○  Post-Glorious Revolution of 1688, the inuence of the crown on the colonies grow =>

  rise of the lower house

Powers of governor

• The powers of the governor

  • ○  Much power rests on the governor, but not everything

    • Veto legislation

    • Command army

    • Appoint officials

    • Supervise finances

    • Serve as court of last resort in the council

  • ○  They still have to take orders from the Crown and respond to the Assembly

  • ○  Significance: Somewhat of a similar structure to the English system with the Monarch,

    House of Lords, and House of Commons but not as good, leading to instability in

    American colonial politics

Powers of assembly

• The powers of the assembly

  • ○  The glorious revolution strengthens lower houses

  • ○  In the early 18th century, assemblies begin to consolidate their powers so they could

    control much of the political agenda; They achieve their power of inuence by: ■ Pay governors and other Crown ocers
    ■ Assent to laws and taxes
    ■ Initiate legislation

    ■ Free debate without punishment ■ Determine disputed elections○ Signicance: They increasingly grab for power until they have sucient strength to stand up to the governor. They have indirect judicial power and direct money power. Assemblies acquire a degree of legislative sovereignty. They become like a miniature parliament. There is almost a federal division of power. This is evident in 1754, in the Albany "Plan of Union"

Albany Congress “Plan of Union”

• ○  Plan in June-July 1754 to organize Indian treaties, wars, land, and trade. Colonies

  come together in a group called Albany Congress to come up with a general plan. It

  tries to create a super-government in the plan

• ○  This plan is a real federal system. No colony is actually willing to adopt it because they

  did not want to give power to one group. It failed because the colonies did not want to give up the powers to a super government. There is an assumption of power in the colonies and evidence of everyday people involved in politics.

• ○  The rise of the election is similar to the Great Awakening. Whether it is a vote, an election, or a revival, these provide an interlude for the humble to feel a power that was before denied to them

• ○  Benjamin Franklin's plan of Union

• ○  Signicance: One of the rst documents that emphasized the importance of having a

  Union (power of the Super-Government) and growth of intercolonial relations, leading to federalism

New England vs Virginia

• ●  New England vs. Virginia

  • ○  Virginia: English came to Jamestown, VA in 1607 for gold (Project of the Virginia

    company), but could not nd any

    • Struggled and many died from starvation but invented the headright system

      and emigration gradually increased

    • Tobacco economy made it a class society (landowners v. indentured servants)

    • Demographic imbalance = much more men than women as laborers were men,

      and mostly single-men

    • Didn't really have a bold leader, except for John Smith, who didn't live long

    • Moved mainly for economic reasons

    • In Jamestown, Wingeld was removed from oce (mutiny) and there were a

      lot of factions and instabilities

  • ○  New England: Congregationalists (Pilgrims and Puritans) migrated from England to

    Plymouth, MA in 1620; In 1629, Puritans migrated for religion, as they wanted to establish a "purer" community/settlement

    • William Bradford: Leader of the Pilgrims

    • John Winthrop: Leader of the Puritans

    • Better relationship with the Indians than the Virginians (esp. after the Indians

      helped the Pilgrims get food when they rst migrated)

    • Massachusetts Bay Company colonists: Puritans

    • More governmental autonomy and self-government than in Virginia since

      there was no Charter, and also the Mayower Compact allowed better

      governance

    • Far more families, and women in New England, which meant the average age

      of marriage was lower and thus people had more children

    • Moved for religious reasons

Formation of land bridge

• At maximum: abt 1200 miles wide

• Pleistocene Era

• Allows East/NE Asians to pass thru a relatively dry/soggy soil

• Geologists use radiocarbon dating

• Fit into reliable chronological framework

• Lasts about 60,000 years

• Only after 40,000 years ago is a migratory population available to study

chert (flint) flakes

hardness and ability to chip into sharp edges makes good tool material

clovis sites

Clovis (older spear point) sites: People return to same sites year after year

• Blackwater Draw “Clovis” site, eastern NM

• Probable Human palm print in baked clay, Pendejo Cave Orogrande, NM

• Clovis = relatively brief period, might represent 1st true NA culture