1900s

Insular Case,, "good and bad" trusts

1900s(T. Roosevelt) new spanish war citizens did not possess rights that US citizens take for granted.

Charles and Mary Beard

1900s(T. Roosevelt) Historians best known for Writing The Rise of American Civilization and stating that it was economics values not political philosophies that laid the base for our government and modern society.

Great White Fleet

1900s(T. Roosevelt) result of Theodore Roosevelt's determination to build a modern navy and flex American military muscle. Its global voyage was a showcase of American naval power.

Square Deal

1900s(T. Roosevelt) Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy based on three basic ideas: protection of the consumer, control of large corporations, and conservation of natural resources.

Jacob Riis

1900s(T. Roosevelt) journalist and social reformer who publicized the crises in housing, education, and poverty at the height of European immigration to New York City in the late nineteenth century.

Northern Securities Case

1900s(T. Roosevelt)The Supreme Court upheld the antitrust suit against the railroad monopoly.

Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones

1900s(T. Roosevelt) established free kindergartens, playgrounds, free lodging for the homeless, etc.

Muller v Oregon

1900s(T. Roosevelt) A supreme court case decided in 1908 that pertained to the working hours of women. The court ruled in favor of Oregon, that these restrictions were legal under the state laws to protect women's health.

Robert LaFollette

1900s(T. Roosevelt) a maverick Republican who opposed the war even as Republican leaders like Theodore Roosevelt were calling for a strengthening of the armed forces and a vigorous defense of American rights and values.

Panama Canal

1900s(T. Roosevelt) Built to dramatically decrease the travel time for ships between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

W.E.B. DuBois (Niagara movement)

1900s(T. Roosevelt) equal rights for the education of African American youth.

Dollar Diplomacy

1900s(T. Roosevelt) United States lent money to foreign countries in return for the ability to make decisions for the governments of those countries.

Open Door Policy

1900s(T. Roosevelt) called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

Roosevelt Corollary

1900s(T. Roosevelt)in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American country, the United States could intervene in that country's internal affairs

Platt amendment

1900s(T. Roosevelt) permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs

Louis Sullivan

1900s(T. Roosevelt)pioneered modern design principles in North America

Progressive movement

1900s(T. Roosevelt) movement interested in furthering social and political reform, curbing political corruption caused by political machines, and limiting the political influence of large corporations

Russo-Japanese War

1900s(T. Roosevelt) shift the balance of global power, marking the first time in modern history that an Asian nation had defeated a European one in military combat

Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty

1900s(T. Roosevelt) agreement between the United States and Panama granting exclusive canal rights to the United States across the Isthmus of Panama in exchange for financial reimbursement and guarantees of protection to the newly established republic

spheres of influence

1900s(T. Roosevelt) Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Big Stick Policy

1900s(T. Roosevelt) the United States had a strong military presence and could quickly and easily act on any threat of military action

Lochner v New York

1900s(T. Roosevelt)the Supreme Court ruled that a New York law setting maximum working hours for bakers was unconstitutional.

Gentlemen's Agreement

1900s(T. Roosevelt) an informal arrangement between the United States and Japan to ease growing tensions between the two countries, particularly pertaining to immigration

muckrakers

1900s(T. Roosevelt) journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government

Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

1900s(T. Roosevelt) His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws.

Emilio Aguinaldo

1900s(T. Roosevelt) helped the Americans win the Spanish-American War and then fought against them when they took over.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1900s(T. Roosevelt) prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce

Anthracite Coal Strike

1900s(T. Roosevelt) miners received a wage increase. However, recognition of the union was not achieved.

New Nationalism

1910s(Taft, Wilson) promoted social justice for the underprivileged and getting more power over big businesses by the government.

Mann-Elkins Act

1910s(Taft, Wilson) placed the burden of proof on the railroads; for the first time, they would have to actively demonstrate that a rate was reasonable. With these new powers, the ICC gained almost complete control over rail rates, and therefore much of rail competition.

"Black Jack" John Pershing

1910s(Taft, Wilson) U.S. Army general who commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe during World War I

insurgent's revolt

1910s(Taft, Wilson) Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule - supported by American sugar planters - yellow press coverage of the Spanish backlash led to the Spanish-American War

New Freedom

1910s(Taft, Wilson) promised things such as greater economic opportunities business competition, and keeping a limited, small government.

Palmer Raids

1910s(Taft, Wilson) attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States

Schenck v U.S

1910s(Taft, Wilson) affirmed the conviction of Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 through actions that obstructed the "recruiting or enlistment service" during World War I.

Clayton Anti-trust Act

1910s(Taft, Wilson) banning the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers, the new law also declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

1910s(Taft, Wilson) almost no child labor

preparedness

1910s(Taft, Wilson) a campaign prior to U.S. entry into World War I (April 1917) to increase U.S. military capabilities and to convince the U.S. citizenry of the need for American involvement in the conflict.

Committee on Public Information

1910s(Taft, Wilson) official propaganda group commissioned by Wilson to give speeches, pamphlets etc to drum up support for war

League of Nations

1910s(Taft, Wilson) an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.

Federal Reserve System

1910s(Taft, Wilson) reformed banking system and created the federal reserve board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank and had the power to issue paper money

International Workers of the World

1910s(Taft, Wilson) organize workers along the lines of industrial unions rather than the specialized trade, or craft, unions of the American Federation of Labor

16th

1910s(Taft, Wilson) Income tax is legal.

17th

1910s(Taft, Wilson) Popular vote for United States Senate.

18th Amendments

1910s(Taft, Wilson)Prohibition of alcohol.

Creel Committee

1910s(Taft, Wilson)served as the first large-scale propaganda agency of the U.S. government.

Henry Cabot Lodge

1910s(Taft, Wilson) a Republican senator from Massachusetts. Close friend to Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge supported imperialist endeavors and favored military preparedness following the outbreak of World War I

Article X, Wobblies

1910s(Taft, Wilson) victims of the shabbiest working conditions in the country. When they protested, many were viciously beaten, arrested, or run out of town.

Treaty of Versailles

1910s(Taft, Wilson) gave some German territories to neighbouring countries and placed other German territories under international supervision. In addition, Germany was stripped of its overseas colonies, its military capabilities were severely restricted, and it was required to pay war reparations to the Allied countries. The treaty also created the League of Nations.

Federal Trade Commission

1910s(Taft, Wilson) prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices

irreconcilables

1910s(Taft, Wilson)refused to join the League of Nations under any circumstances

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

1910s(Taft, Wilson) Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

triple wall of privilege

1910s(Taft, Wilson) the tariff, the banks, and the trusts

Sussex/Arabic Pledges

1910s(Taft, Wilson) Germany promised to no longer attack any passenger ships, expanding the promise made in the Arabic Pledge. Merchant vessels would only be sunk if war material was aboard but only after all passengers, including the crew, had left the ship

Food Administration

1910s(Taft, Wilson) assured the supply, distribution, and conservation of food

Zimmerman Note (Telegram)

1910s (Taft, Wilson) In January 1917, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, Heinrich von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause.

Volstead Act

1910s(Taft, Wilson) defined an intoxicating beverage as anything that contained more than one half of one percent alcohol

reservationists

1910s(Taft, Wilson) led by Members of the Senate who were ready to ratify the Treaty of Versailles with modifications Henry Cabot Lodge

Fourteen Points

1910s(Taft, Wilson) guidelines for the rebuilding of the postwar world undermine the Central Powers' will to continue, and to inspire the Allies to victory

"lost generation"

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) those who reached adulthood during World War I

Henry Ford

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) chang the way that we manufacture not only cars but all types of goods

Sacco and Vanzetti

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) They were victims of the anti-immigrant feeling of the time. The two men were Italian immigrants who openly said that they hated the American system of government. They were anarchists

Marcus Garvey

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) Formed UNIA to achieve Black nationalism through the celebration of African history and culture, back to africa movement.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

1920s(Harding, Coolidge)A novelist & chronicler of the Jazz Age. His novel The Great Gatsby (1925) exposed the shallowness of the lives of the wealthy & privileged of the era.

cultural isolation

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) practice of excluding the United States from the affairs of the world.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) a period of rich cross-disciplinary artistic and cultural activity among African Americans

Washington Naval Conference

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia

normalcy

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) Limited Government (as opposed to the Progressive Era) and staying out of European affairs (Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles)

Albert Fall

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense aka not effective

H.L. Menken

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) young author; founded The American Mercury, which had Mencken's criticism on American culture

Charles Lindbergh

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) most memorable feat was being the first person to fly across the Atlantic.

Scopes trial

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) Tennessee against high school teacher John T. Scopes for violating the state's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Langston Hughes

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) His poetry contributed significantly to the Harlem Renaissance and focused mainly on racial segregation and discrimination.

Andrew Mellon

1920s(Harding, Coolidge)Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics (Hamiltonian economics) and that the economy would heal itself

National Origins Act

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States each year by nationality aka quota system

Ku Klux Klan

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) white supremeist group

Margaret Sanger

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) opening the first birth control clinic in the country

Universal Negro Improvement Association

1920s(Harding, Coolidge) black pride, racial unity of AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the need to redeem Africa from white rule.

Agricultural Adjustment Adm. (AAA)

1930s(Hoover, FDR)Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

phony war

1930s(Hoover, FDR)when the French and British mobilized their armies and stationing their troops along he Maginot Line. The two waited for the Germans to attack but after waiting, nothing happened.

Congress of Industrial Organization

1930s (Hoover, FDR)formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial union lines.

brain trust

1930s(Hoover, FDR)group of academic advisers that FDR gathered to assist him during the 1932 presidential campaign.

Huey Long (Kingfish)

1930s(Hoover, FDR)A Senator from Louisiana who proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family which would be paid for by taxing the wealthy.

bank holiday

1930s(Hoover, FDR)All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed, required the Treasury to inspect banks before they could re-open.

National Recovery Administration

1930s(Hoover, FDR)o eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

destroyer deal

1930s(Hoover, FDR)U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

Scottsboro boys

1930s(Hoover, FDR)Nine African American teenage boys falsely accused of raping two white women on a train headed to Memphis, Tennessee

Wagner Act

1930s(Hoover, FDR)guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1930s(Hoover, FDR)regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce. The law also outlawed labor by children under sixteen. The exclusion of agricultural, service, and domestic workers meant that many blacks, Mexican Americans, and women who were concentrated in these sectors—did not benefit from the act's protection

New Deal,

1930s(Hoover, FDR)A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

21st amendment

1930s(Hoover, FDR) Repeal of prohibition of alcohol.

dole

1930s(Hoover, FDR)Money given by government to states to help the bankrupt relief agencies

National Industrial Recovery Act

1930s(Hoover, FDR)employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)

1930s(Hoover, FDR)insured bank accounts due to loss of faith in banks during depression

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

1930s(Hoover, FDR)A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power,low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

bonus march

1930s(Hoover, FDR)A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy.

Securities and Exchange Commission

1930s (Hoover, FDR)egulation and protection, it also monitors the corporate takeovers in the U.S. speculating.

Neutrality acts

1930s(Hoover, FDR) included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, however private ships can come at on risk

court packing scheme

1930s(Hoover, FDR)FDR's attempt to insert Democratic judges into the Supreme Court by adding more Justices; highly unpopular and ultimately did not work