EDUC 375: Midterm 1

Egyptians perceptive on sex and marriage

Allowed divorce and encouraged prostitution

Which cultural group believed that marriage was transactional and views on sexuality transitioned from permissive to conservative

The Romans

Which cultural group viewed love and sexual relationships as distinct concepts (such as passionate love and consummate love) and practiced pederasty?

The Greeks

Confucianism

They believed that sex was primarily for procreation, and that marriage was a social and familial obligation.

Taoism

They believed that sex was a natural part of life and viewed sexuality through the lens of Yin and Yang.

How did attitudes toward sexuality change during the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods?

They began exploring sexuality by applying scientific methods and principles to its study.

How did the Victorian era influence attitudes toward sexuality?

Created a culture that emphasized purity and sexual restraint. People were expected to be conservative in public, and discussions or exploration of sexuality were discouraged.

What happened during the 1920s that contributed to the sexual revolution?

Women’s suffrage and the discovery of antibiotics

What happened during the 1960s that contributed to the sexual revolution?

Roe v Wade, Birth control (ie. the pill ), Stone wall

Psychoanalytic Theory

Believed that sexual behavior is influenced by unresolved desires, fears, and unconscious conflicts.

Behavioral Theory

States that sexual behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment

Cognitive Theory

Sexual behavior is guided by schemas and scripts

Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theory

• unscientific

• based on data from clinical populations

• negative portraits of women.

The Comstock Act of 1873

Defined contraceptives as obscene and illicit, making it a federal offense to disseminate birth control through the mail or across state lines

Evolutionary Theory

Sexual partners are selected based of of fitness

Sociology Theory

Sexual behavior is shaped by cultural influences

19^th century Sexuality researchers

• Kraft-Ebbing

• Ellis

• Hirschfeld

• Masters & Johnson

20^th century Sexuality researchers

• Kinsey

• Mosher

• Davis

• Bloch

• Hooker

Which researcher conducted the first study investigating psychological differences between gay and straight men and found no significant differences.

Evelyn Hooker

Researcher who conducted the first large scale study of sexual behavior and found that Americans were masturbating and engaging in same-sex contact more than was originally thought

Alfred Kinsey

Researcher who re-wrote the book Psychopathia Sexualis in 1886 and coined the term “sadomasochism

Richard von Kraft-Ebing

Which sexuality researcher believed that sexuality had a genetic basis and fought to repeal laws that made homosexuality punishable by imprisonment?

Magnus Hirschfeld

Which sexuality researchers studied the sexual response cycle?

Masters & Johnson

Who was the first sexuality researchers to study and explore female sexuality through surveys of women’s sexual attitudes and experiences.

William G. H. Mosher

Which sexuality researcher defended same-sex behavior and found that male and female sexual appetites were similar?

Katharine B. Davis

Which sexuality researcher believed that sexuality should be studied through the lenses of history, medicine, and anthropology?

Iwan Bloch

Characteristics of Low-Context individuals

Direct and Individualistic

Characteristics of High-Context individuals

Subtle and Collective

What type of communication allows speakers to include negative statements like, "I'm not an expert, but..." to decrease the perceived validity of their statement?

Disclaimers

Genderlect

gender differences in communication

What type of communication adds a question to a statement, such as "It's cold in here, isn't it?" when expressing an opinion?

Tag Questions

What type of communication includes words like “sort of” and “kind of” to make statements less direct or less certain

Hedge words

Sexual differentiation

• Sex Chromosomes (XX,XY)

• Internal/External Sex Organs

• Hormones

• Brain Size

People with intersex "conditions" are now more commonly said to have this.

A difference of sex development (DSD)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Body produces more androgen in both males and females

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Biological males are resistant to male hormones (androgen)

This female structure corresponds developmentally to the glans penis

clitoral glans

This male structure is derived from the same tissue as the clitoral hood

foreskin

This male structure is derived from the same tissue as the labia majora

scrotum

This female structure corresponds developmentally to the penile shaft

labia minora

function of the ovaries

to produce ova and secrete hormones

In male anatomy, the urethra carries both urine and what other substance?

semen

What is the function of the corpora cavernosa?

Anterior tissues of the penis that fill with blood during an erection

What is the function of the corpora spongiosum?

Posterior tissues of the penis that fill with blood during an erection

site of maturation for sperm

epididymis

provides nutrition to sperm

seminal vesicles

purpose of prostate gland

produces multiple substances that protect sperm from the acidity of the vagina

According to Robert Sternberg’s triangle theory of love, components differ primarily based on

duration of the relationship or culture.

How can love affect the experience of physical pain?

Love can act as an analgesic, meaning that feelings of love may help reduce the sensation of pain and increase a person’s ability to tolerate discomfort.

Which researcher explained love as a complex interaction of three primary neural and biological systems?

Helen Fisher

a form of marriage or relationship in which one woman has multiple male partners or husbands.

Polyandry

Polygyny

a form of marriage or relationship in which one man has multiple female partners or wives

Gottman's Four Horsemen of Divorce

Criticism, Contempt, Stonewalling, Defensiveness

This is the most common bottom surgical intervention for female-to-male trans folks

metoidioplasty