General Pathology Laboratory Midterm Exam

Morgagni De Sedibus

Who said “Physicians who either performed many autopsies themselves or who regularly witnessed post mortem examinations, learnt at least to have their doubts. Those however, who are not themselves dealing with the very often depressing findings of autopsy material are floating in the clouds of uncontrolled optimism.”

The systemic examination of a dead animal.

Definition of Necropsy

The purpose of necropsy is to “answer questions”.

Why perform necropsy?

These are things we know that we know.

There are known knowns.

There are things that we know we don’t know.

There are known unknowns.

There are things we don’t know we don’t know.

But there are also unknown unknowns.

1. Clothing

2. Instruments

3. Fixative and Misc

4. tools

Necropsy Equipment

1. 10% neutral buffered formalin

2. 4% paraformaldehyde

3. Zinc Formalin

4. Bouin’s Fxative

Four commonly used Fixative for tissue processing in histology

Fromaldehyde Solution (37-40%) --- 100ml

Distilled Water --- 900ml

Monobasic sodium phosphate --- 4.0gm

Dibasic sodium phosphate --- 6.5gm

If the phosphates are not available, the acidity can be neutralized by adding calcium or magnesium carbonate to excess.

Preparation of 1 liter of formalin

•Provides information for assessing the effect of the environment and its pollutant on health;

•Use to establish incidence and distribution of zoonotic disease; contributing to control efforts;

•Provides new insights into the cause of death and source of information for establishing the range of manifestations of a disease

•Plays a major role for establishing risk in safety assessment of old and new products

Importance of Necropsy

Immediately after death of an animal

Time for Necropsy

1. Adrenal medullae

2. Epithelia of the alimentary tract

3. pancreas

4. liver

5. kidney

6. nerve cells of the CNS

What are organs that first to show postmortem changes?

1. water

2. ventilation

3. drainage

4. provision for the cadaver disposal

5. provision for lowering the chances of contaminatio9n the surroundings

The place of the necropsy should have?

in a laboratory

Where does the examination should be done in case the animal died of suspected transmissible, zoonotic, or exotic diseases?

Incineration

best method for the disposal of small animal cadaver?

Burying deep into the ground

What is the practical method to dispose the cadaver?

away from sources of feed or where underground water is pumped.

The site of the disposal should be?

1. Case identification

2. Owner’s identification

3. Specimen identification

4. clinical history

5. necropsy findings

6. results of laboratory exaination

7. diagnosis

8. examiner’s information

The necropsy record consists of?

1. assigned case number

2. the case code

3. date of submission and examination

Case of identification includes?

1. name

2. address

3. phone number

Owner’s identification includes?

1. species

2. breed

3. age

4. weight

5. sex

6. coat

7. coat color

8. animal number/name animal classification

specimen identification includes?

1. details of the clinical findings

2. signs and symptoms observed

3. clinical diagnosis

4. vet name

5. necropsy request

clinical history includes?

1. results of the necropsy examination that may be arranged by organs or system or by the sequence of examination

Necropsy findings includes?

includes the samples collected during the necropsy and the results of the examination done

results of the examination includes?

Diagnosis

It is the outcome of the examination

includes the name, qualifications, and signature of the one who did the examination and formulated the diagnosis.

examiner’s information includes?

Be objective

What is the general rule in interpreting lesions?

Interpret the lesions observed than describing the changes seen.

common fault in preparation for a report?

1. Organs or tissue involved

2. position

3. size and shape

4. weight

5. color

6. appearance

7. consistency

8. texture or intact and cut surface

9. odor

Description of the lesion includes (Solid organs)?

1. organs involved

2. appearance

3. texture of intact and opened surfaces

4. contents, which should be qualifies as to:

   • Nature

   • volume/amount

   • consistency

   • transparency

   • colour

   • odor

Description of the lesion includes (hollow organs)?

few but Very descriptive words as possible

how to describe accurately?

Verbose description

refrain from using_________ in describing that tend to distract attention and no clear meaning.

metric system of notation

How does the weight should be recorded?

1. concise

2. grammatically correct

3. anatomically precise

Description should be?

1. OBSERVE carefully

2. DESCRIBE completely

3. DIAGNOSE confidently

Three steps useful in VetMed?

1. severity - mild, moderate, marked/severe

2. Duration - per acute, acute, subacute, chronic, chronic-active

3. Distribution - focal, multifocal, coalescing, locally-extensive, diffuse, bilateral/unilateral, and others.

4. nature of lesion

what are the morphologic diagnoses modifiers?

10% neutral-buffered formalin

specimens should be placed in what fixative for subsequent histopathology?

½ cm and 4cm in greatest length of diameter

specimen should be trimmed with a sharp, flat blade to a thickness of_____?

poor fixation with autolysis continuing after placement of fixative.

Inadequate volume of formalin or oversized specimens result in?

1. Pieces of liver, kidney, urine, stomach contents

2. Eye fluid for nitrite poisoning

3. poisoning is undetermined of origin, 2 ounces of stomach

   contents, urine, blood, liver, and kidney contents should be

   collected.

Collection and Submission of Specimen for Toxicologic Analysis

Heart, Blood, cerebrospinal fluid

Collection and Submission of Specimen for Immunologic study

1. it must be free from bacterial contamination

2. Tissue specimen are placed in sterile, wide-mouth, cork-stoppered bottles and shipped frozen with dry ice or in 10 t0 20 volumes of sterile 50% glycerine solution refrigerated in transit

3. Heart, blood serum, and CSF for virus identification are shipped in sterile vials refrigerated with ice

Collection and Submission of Specimen for Virus Analysis

1. intestinal loop with the mesenteric lymph

   nodes

2. sample any organ with lesion

3. peritoneal or thoracic fluid

For Bacteriology

1. 2-3ml diarrheic feces for cryptosporidium

2. Segment of intestine and feces from the rectum for gastro-

   intestinal parasites

Parasitology

1. Obtain and record the animal and/or herd history must be obtained

2. Do not approach the examination with a preconceived diagnosis.

3. Make sure appropriate disinfectant is available and be familiar with its use

4. Observe and collect samples from clinically normal animals first, if applicable

5. Conduct the examination of live animals with precautions needed to protect attendants, yourself, and other animals from infection or injury.

6. Examine and collect specimens from live animals not necessarily intended for necropsy. Select animals in various stages of disease.

7. Obtain permission from the owner to conduct the necropsy

explain the guidelines for pre necropsy

1. Remove from the kit only what is needed, so that unused equipment will not be contaminated.

2. Wear rubber boots, gloves, and coveralls. A mask and goggles may be used at your discretion.

3. Check the TABLE OF SPECIMEN COLLECTION to see what samples are required.

4. Pre label specimen containers to ensure all recommended specimens will be collected.

explain the preparation for necropsy

• Signalment

• History and clinical diagnosis

• Clinical pathology

• External appearance o State of nutrition

• Mucus membranes

• Body orifices

• Gen conformation

• Superficial lesions

• Hair coat o Parasites

• Check lips, gums cheeks, teeth

Preliminary Review and Observation

• Decontaminate instruments before cleaning them.

• Clean and disinfect all work surfaces.

• Decontaminate self (e.g., disinfect and remove boots, gloves, and coveralls).

• Record the necropsy finding

Post Necropsy

1. Obtain history

2. examine the animal externally

3. open the body

4. remove all organs and set aside for detailed examination

5. examine and sample the organs

6. write the report

The six steps of routine necropsy

Mild, Moderate, Severe

Types of Severity

peracute, acute, chronic

Types of time

describe what you see and do not use food analogies

what factor you should consider in describing colors?

a ruler

In terms of the sizing, you must use….?

patchy

distribution

multi-focal

distribution

bilateral

distribution

diffuse

distribution

focal

distribution

unilateral

distribution

polypoid

shape

Botryoid

shape

circular-flat

shape

oblong

shape

spheroid

shape

irregular

shape

wedge-shape

shape

reniform

shape

ovoid

shape

granular

Surface changes

ulcerated

Surface changes

cobblestoned

Surface changes

pitted

Surface changes

striated

Surface changes

smooth

Surface changes

rough

Surface changes

bulging

Surface changes

verrucous

Surface changes

umbilicated

Surface changes

corrugated

Surface changes

Eroded - skin only

Surface changes

crusted

Surface changes

infiltrative

Margin of the lesion

indistinct

Margin of the lesion

well-demarcated

Margin of the lesion

pendunculated

Margin of the lesion

villous - finger like

Margin of the lesion

sessile

Margin of the lesion

serpinginous

Margin of the lesion

papillary

Margin of the lesion

serrated

margin of the lesion

soft

Consistency

friable

Consistency

spongy

Consistency

gritty

Consistency

caseous

Consistency

leathery

Consistency

resilient

Consistency

viscous

Consistency

rubbery

Consistency

fluid

Consistency