A&P II Exam 2

endocrine function

integrate body systems (homeostasis)

autocrine affect only ____ cells

secreting

endocrine effectors

responsive body parts (autonomic nervous system)

endocrine glands are

ductless/ hormones

exocrine glands have

ducts, sweat/sebaceous

endocrine glands release hormones that

travel through blood to targets

other glands produce

“hormone-like” secretions

paracrine secretions

act locally and do not travel through blood

hormone characteristics are

needed in small small amounts and very potent

hormones have

long-lasting effects on target cells and regulate homeostasis

hormones are regulated

by negative feedback

glands

____ release hormones into the bloodstream

steroid hormones

produced from cholesterol
fat-soluble
passes easily through target cell membrane
sex hormones
adrenal cortex hormones

nonsteroid hormones

produced from amino acids
water-soluble
requires a receptor on the target cell membrane
amines
proteins
peptides
glycoproteins
most hormones

steroid hormones ____ membranes

crosses

steroid hormones ____ with receptor in nucleus

combines

steroid hormones _____ synthesis of mRNA

activates

____ enters cytoplasm to direct synthesis of protein

mRNA

nonsteroid hormones _____ to receptor on cell membrane

bind

nonsteroid hormones activate ____

adenylate cyclase

nonsteroid hormones causes ____ to convert to cAMP

ATP

cAMP

____ promotes a series of reactions leading to cellular changes

tropic hormones

target other endocrine glands to stimulate their growth/ secretions

sex hormones

target reproductive tissues/ glands

anabolic hormones

stimulate anabolism in target cells

prostaglandins

paracrine substances
tissue hormones
regulate cellular responses to hormones
can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase

prostaglandins

wide variety of functions
act locally
very potent in small quantities

anterior pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

posterior pituitary gland

neurohypophysis

hypothalmic relasing hormones

____ stimulate cells of anterior pituitary to release hormones

nerve impulses from

____ from hypothalamus stimulate nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland to release hormones

Growth Hormones (GH)

somatotropin
stimulates increase in size and rate of body cells
controls growth of body
promotes growth of long bones
secretion inhibited by somatostatin
secretion stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone

dwarfism

decrease in growth hormone

gigantism

increase in growth hormone

Prolactin (PRL)

sustains milk production after birth
targets mammary glands
leuteotropic hormone or lactogenic
secretion inhibited by prolactin release-inhibiting hormone

Tyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

controls secretion of hormone from thyroid gland
controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

controls secretions of some hormones of adrenal cortex
controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

gonadotropic hormone
stimulates development (maturation) of egg-containing follicles in ovaries
stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen
stimulates production/ maturation of sperm cells
controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

promotes secretions of sex hormones
stimulates release of egg (ovulation) from ovary
secretion of testosterone
controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone

posterior pituitary

___ does not produce hormones, stores hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

targets distal convoluted tubules
causes kidneys to reduce water excretion keeping water in bloodstream
in high concentration, raises blood pressure
produced by hypothalamus in response to changes in blood water concentration and blood volume

Oxytocin (OT)

stimulates uterine contractions (smooth muscle)
stimulates mammary glands to release milk (ejection)
produced by hypothalamus in response to stretch in uterine and vaginal walls and stimulation of breasts

Triiodothyronine (T₃) / Thyroxine (T₄)

increases rate of energy (basal metabolic rate) release from carbs
increastes rate of protein synthesis
accelerates growth
stimulates activity in the nervous system
controlled by TSH

Calcitonin

lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium and phosphate from bones
increases rate at which calcium and phosphate are deposited in bones

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

increases blood calcium levels
decreases blood phosphate levels
stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts
inhibits osteoblasts
stimulates kidneys to retain calcium and excrete phosphate
promotes calcium absorption from intestine

epinephrine (adrenaline) / Norepinephrine

release controlled by SNS
increases heart rate and blood pressure (vasoconstriction)
dilates respiratory airways (increases depth of breathing)
increases metabolic rates
Adrenal Medulla Hormone

Aldosterone - Adrenal Cortex Hormone

targets proximal convoluted tubules
increases blood volume and pressure, conservation of Na ions and water

cortisol - adrenal cortex hormone

regulates glucose metabolism (T₃ & T₄)
stimulates glucose synthesis m noncarbohydrates
controlled by CRH from hypothalamus and ACTH from anterior pituitary

adrenal androgens - Adrenal Cortex Hormones

supplement sex hormones from gonads
may be converted to estrogen

pancreas

organ located behind stomach and on left side of abdomen
mixed gland

endocrine gland function in pancreas

insulin and glucagon

exocrine gland function in pancreas

digestion

glucagon

secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets
stimulates liver to break down glycogen (stores glucose)
stimulates liver to convert noncarbohydrates into glucose
stimulates break down of fats
controlled by blood glucose concentrations
increases blood glucose levels

Somatostatin

secreted by delta cells of pancreatic islets
helps regulate glucose metabolism - inhibit release of insulin and glucagon

insulin

secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets
promotes formation of glycogen from glucose
enhances movement of glucose into adipose and muscle cells
decreases blood glucose concentrations
enhances synthesis of proteins and fats
controlled by blood glucose concentrations

insulin and glucagon

____ function together to stabilize blood glucose concentrations

pineal gland

secretes melatonin
regulates circadian rhythms
production is stimulated by daylight
affects moods/ emotions
may control onset of puberty
helps regulate female reproductive cycle
SAD- seasonal affective disorder

thymus gland

located behind sternum in mediastinum
secretes thymosin
promotes development of certain lymphocytes
immunity

Ovaries (reproductive glands) secrete

estrogen and progesterone

testes (reproductive gland) secrete

testosterone

placenta (reproductive gland) secretes

estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin

secondary sexual characteristics are controlled by

estrogen and testosterone

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

absolute insulin deficiency
Patient’s age < 20
autoimmune disorder - beta cells are destroyed
hyperglycemia

Type II Diabetes

Patient’s age > 40
overweight, hypertension
problem with target cell receptors
controlled with diet, exercise, weight loss

gigantism

hyper secretion of growth hormones in children

acromegaly

hyper secretion of growth hormone in adults

dwarfism

hypo secretion of growth hormone in children

General Hyperthyroidism

high metabolic rate
hyperactivity
weight loss
protruding eyes

cretinism

hypothyroidism in infants
leads to small stature and mental retardation

myxedema

adult hypothyroidism
low metabolic rate
sluggish

simple goiter

deficiency of iodine
leads of deficiency of thyroid hormones
glands enlarges

Grave’s disease

overstimulation of gland by antibodies
hyperthyroidism

hyperparathyroidism

caused by tumor
fatigue
muscular weakness
altered mental functions
bone weakening

hypoparathyroidism

caused by injury or removal of gland
muscle cramps
seizures
low blood calcium levels

blood function (transportation)

vital substances- hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste

blood function (protection)

maintains stability of interstitial fluid (homeostasis) against harmful microorganisms and other substances

blood function (regulation)

body temperature by distributing heat

characteristics of blood

38°C (100.4°F)
pH- 7.4
8% Total Body Weight
Blood Volume: Males (5-6L) Female (4-5L)
Viscosity- affected by amount of red blood cells
red color of arterial blood is due to oxygenated hemoglobin
when oxygen is removed, blood appears darker

Blood Composition

45% Blood Cells
55% Plasma
Buffy Coat: Platelets/ White Blood Cells

Blood Cells

Form mostly in Red Bone Marrow
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (cell fragments)(thrombocytes)

Hemocytoblast

committed stem cells
destined to become different types of blood cells

Red Blood Cells

erythrocytes
biconcave
most numerous of