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According to a traditional interpretation, what were some of the general beliefs shared by Enlightenment writers?
According to a traditional interpretation, Enlightenment writers shared a belief in the power of reason, the potential for progress and improvement in society, the importance of individual liberty and rights, the rejection of traditional authority and hierarchy, and the value of science and empirical evidence. They also tended to advocate for political and social reform, including the establishment of more democratic and egalitarian systems of government.
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
John Locke
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Two Treatises of Government
Strong proponent of Empiricism
Advances idea of Tabula Rasa-attacks concept of innate ideas
Believes the state of nature is relatively benign
Locke wants each of us to use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition
Natural rights exist even in state of nature: right to life, liberty, property
Government created by people to protect natural rights .
Government that fails to protect these can be overthrown
Ideas justified Glorious Revolution, Limited Monarchy, against Divine Right of Kings
The legislature acts against the trust reposed in them, when they endeavour to invade the property of the subject, and to make themselves, or any part of the community, masters, or arbitrary disposers of the lives, liberties or fortunes of the people
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Rene Descartes
French
Discourse on Method
Reject all assumptions
Everything has to be proven=hyperbolic doubt
Proves his own existence –I think therefore I am
Critical for emphasizing mathematics in scientific inquiry
Emphasized Rationalism over Empiricism, emphasized deductive over inductive
Provided three proofs of the existence of God
Believed in a mechanical universe- anything not thought about is mechanically controlled
Cartesian Dualism- The theory that there are two types of material
cogito ergo sum. \n ( I think therefore I am)
The senses deceive from time to time, and it is prudent never to trust wholly those who have deceived us even once
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Voltaire
Candide
Exiled often, long correspondence with Frederick II
Most vocal opponent of religious intolerance
Promoted freedom of speech and press
In Candide he rejects premise that we live in the best possible world
Criticized nobility, philosophy, the church, and cruelty.
Explained history as a movement away from superstition and toward rationality and enlightenment
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Montesquieu
Persian Letters
The Spirit of Laws
Mocks many of the impractical customs of Europe
Need for laws to protect personal safety
Climate/Religion/Geography all effect the nature of a government. Forms of government relative to the above conditions
Best governments are those that have a checks and balance system
Importance of separation of powers into different branches of government
“I can assure you that no kingdom has ever had as many civil wars as the kingdom of Christ
When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.”
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Emile
The Social Contract
Education of a youth should follow natural instincts. Allow curiosity of children to drive learning.
Emphasized importance of emotion and intuition over reason
In state of nature man is a Noble Savage
Man tainted by social institutions
Society required us to find our sense of value from others
Society corrupts man who is naturally good
Rejected private property
All are born free and equal, it’s the purpose of the government to protect
Government is based solely upon the will of the people.
This General Will is the sovereign power of a state. State must follow the General Will of the people.
Women’s role is dictated by nature, very different from men.
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Denis Diderot
Encyclopedie
Editor and publisher of 17 volume Encylopedie
Encyclopedie was an attempt to collect all the knowledge of the time.
He collected works of greatest enlightened minds and presented their representation of topics as diverse as witchcraft to astronomy
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations
Profound economic thinkers
Rejected mercantilism
If all behave according to self interests the invisible forces of economics would guarantee a better economic result
Government involvement distorts natural economic activity
Promoted Laissez Faire economics
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Cesare Beccaria
Against Torture
Against Death Penalty
For Judicial Reform
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Immanuel Kant:
Promoted the idea of individual autonomy and dignity.
Believed that morality was grounded in reason and the categorical imperative.
Advocated for the idea of universal human rights and the importance of individual freedom.
What were some of the main ideas promoted by the following individuals?
Edward Gibbon
Wrote "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," which chronicled the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Empire.
Criticized the Roman Empire's decline in values and morals and attributed it to factors such as political corruption, economic decline, and religious intolerance.
Emphasized the importance of studying history to learn from past mistakes and prevent future declines.
How did philosophers of the Enlightenment influence thinking on political issues? Give specific examples of enlightened despots implementing enlightened reforms.
Political issues:
advocating for rational and secular approaches to government
emphasizing the importance of individual liberty and natural rights
and promoting the idea of social contract theory
Criticized traditional forms of authority, such as absolute monarchy and the power of the church
called for the establishment of more democratic and representative systems of government.
Examples of enlightened despots implementing enlightened reforms:
Catherine the Great of Russia
implemented legal reforms that abolished torture
established religious toleration
expanded the rights of the nobility and serfs
Frederick the Great of Prussia
introduced religious toleration and legal reforms
abolished torture
encouraged education and the arts.
Joseph II of Austria
implemented measures to improve the lives of peasants, including abolishing serfdom and limiting the power of the nobility.
Give examples of ways in which the public sphere expanded during the eighteenth century allowing for the spread of Enlightenment ideas.
The public sphere expanded during the eighteenth century through the development of coffeehouses, salons, and literary clubs, as well as the growth of the print media. This allowed for the spread of Enlightenment ideas and the exchange of information and opinions, as individuals from different social classes could come together to discuss politics, philosophy, and other topics. Newspapers and pamphlets also became more widely available, and the rise of literacy rates and improvements in printing technology allowed for the dissemination of information on a larger scale.
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Emergence of coffeehouses and salons as spaces for discussion and debate
Growth of the printing industry, including newspapers and pamphlets
Development of public libraries and reading societies
Expansion of universities and educational institutions, which promoted the spread of knowledge and ideas.
Identify contradictions and inconsistencies found within enlightenment ideas. In what ways did eighteenth century Europe not reflect enlightenment values?
Contradictions and inconsistencies found within Enlightenment ideas:
Despite advocating for individual freedom and liberty, many Enlightenment thinkers also defended the institution of slavery and did not extend these rights to non-European populations.
Enlightenment ideas about reason and science often conflicted with traditional religious beliefs, but many Enlightenment thinkers still held religious beliefs themselves.
Some Enlightenment thinkers promoted the idea of a social contract between rulers and citizens, but did not extend this contract to women or other marginalized groups.
Ways in which 18th century Europe did not reflect Enlightenment values:
The majority of Europe was still ruled by absolute monarchs or other authoritarian rulers, who did not embrace Enlightenment ideas about democracy or individual rights.
Women and other marginalized groups were still largely excluded from political participation and other forms of societal power.
Slavery and the slave trade continued to be major economic forces, despite Enlightenment criticisms of the institution.
Many Enlightenment ideas were only adopted by a small segment of society, such as the educated elite, and did not have widespread impact on the general population.
How do enlightenment values affect American society today?
The American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution were heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas, including the belief in individual rights and the social contract between rulers and citizens.
Enlightenment thinking also played a role in the abolition of slavery and the advancement of civil rights for marginalized groups, such as women and people of color.
The emphasis on scientific thinking and evidence-based decision making has had a profound impact on fields such as medicine, technology, and environmental policy.
The idea of a secular state, which separates church and state, was also influenced by Enlightenment thinking and remains a key aspect of American democracy.
The emphasis on education and the importance of critical thinking in Enlightenment philosophy has helped shape the American education system, including the widespread availability of public education.
The emphasis on free speech and the exchange of ideas is also a cornerstone of American society and is enshrined in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The Enlightenment…. Applied ____________ to the human world, not just the natural world. Stimulated religious __________. Fueled democratic revolutions in the __________ and _________ and __________.
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reason and science
tolerance
Americas
France
Haiti
Who wrote the Leviathan, arguing that any government is better than the violent state of nature that existed before governments were created?
Thomas Hobbes
Who wrote the Two Treaties on Government, arguing that citizens have the right to overthrow a government if it violates their natural rights of Life, Liberty, and Property?
John Locke
Who wrote the Spirit of the Laws, arguing that the best governments are divided into equal branches capable of checking each other’s power?
Montesquieu
Who wrote the Social Contract, claiming that a ruler must follow the “General Will” of the people? Government is a contract between rulers and the people.
Rousseau
Who believed that religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism and separation of church and state?
Voltaire
What famous document written by Thomas Jefferson embodies Enlightenment values?
Declaration of Independence
What grievances did the members of the French third estate have prior to the French Revolution?
Heavily taxed while the nobility and clergy were exempt
Denied political power and representation in government
Economic hardship, including high food prices and widespread poverty
A corrupt and ineffective justice system
A general sense of frustration and disillusionment with the monarchy and its ruling class.
Compare the causes and outcomes of the French and American Revolutions.
Differences between the French and American Revolutions:
The American Revolution was primarily a war for independence from British colonial rule, while the French Revolution was a violent overthrow of the existing monarchy and aristocracy.
The American Revolution was largely a conservative movement, aimed at preserving colonial institutions and rights, while the French Revolution was a more radical movement aimed at fundamentally restructuring French society.
The American Revolution was largely confined to the North American continent, while the French Revolution had global implications and influenced political movements around the world.
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Similarities between the French and American Revolutions:
Both were inspired by Enlightenment ideas about individual rights and democracy.
Both resulted in the establishment of new governments and the abolition of traditional aristocratic structures.
Both led to changes in social and economic structures, including the expansion of the middle class and increased opportunities for social mobility.
Both had an impact on world history and continue to be studied and celebrated as key events in the history of democracy and human rights.
Compare the American Bill of Rights to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Differences:
The American Bill of Rights is a set of ten amendments to the US Constitution, while the French Declaration of the Rights of Man is a standalone document.
The American Bill of Rights focuses primarily on individual liberties and protections against government intrusion, while the French Declaration of the Rights of Man emphasizes broader political and social goals, including the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the recognition of national sovereignty.
The American Bill of Rights places greater emphasis on property rights and the right to bear arms, while the French Declaration of the Rights of Man emphasizes the rights of individuals to participate in government and have their voices heard.
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Similarities:
Both documents were inspired by Enlightenment ideas about the rights of individuals and the proper role of government.
Both emphasized the importance of individual liberties and protections against arbitrary government power.
Both had a profound impact on world history and continue to be celebrated as important milestones in the history of democracy and human rights.
Compare the use of fear and violence in the French and American Revolutions, including armed protests, use of execution, and the Guillotine
Differences:
The American Revolution was characterized by relatively little internal violence, as most of the fighting took place between American and British forces rather than among American factions.
The French Revolution, by contrast, was marked by widespread internal violence, including riots, massacres, and public executions, as various factions vied for power and influence.
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Similarities:
Both revolutions involved the use of armed protest and rebellion against existing authorities.
Both resulted in significant loss of life, including executions and other forms of violence.
What were the political and social outcomes of the French Revolution?
The monarchy was abolished and a republic was established.
Traditional social hierarchies were dismantled, including the nobility and the clergy.
The revolution led to the expansion of political participation and voting rights, including the right to vote for all men.
Give examples of changes Napoleon brought to France/ Europe? Positive and Negative.
Positive:
Centralized power and reformed the French legal system.
Spread French revolutionary ideas throughout Europe, including through military conquest.
Created a system of merit-based promotion and opportunity within the military.
Established the Napoleonic Code, which codified laws and expanded rights for citizens.
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Negative:
Imposed heavy taxes on conquered territories to fund his wars.
Enforced a continental blockade that caused economic hardship in Europe.
Instituted conscription, which forced many men to serve in the military against their will.
Engaged in numerous wars of aggression that led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.
Imposed authoritarian rule and limited political freedom, including censorship of the press and suppression of political opposition.
What were the goals of the leaders at the Congress of Vienna and what specific actions did they take?
To restore stability and balance of power in Europe after the upheavals of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
Established a system of alliances and treaties to prevent future wars and maintain a balance of power between European nations.
Redrew the map of Europe, creating new territories and states.
What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?
Established a new balance of power in Europe that lasted for decades.
Encouraged nationalism and the growth of independent states.
Provided a model for international cooperation and diplomacy.
What is the congress of vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of major European powers in 1815 aimed at stabilizing Europe after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. The Congress sought to establish a new balance of power in Europe, create alliances and treaties to prevent future wars, and redraw the map of Europe to reflect the interests of the major powers. It also set a model for international cooperation and diplomacy that influenced future negotiations.
What event symbolically marks the beginning of the French Revolution?
Storming of the Bastille - July 14, 1789, in which Parisian revolutionaries attacked the Bastille prison, a symbol of royal tyranny and oppression, to seize weapons and ammunition and demonstrate their opposition to the absolute monarchy, marking the start of the Revolution.
What name did the radical political faction of the revolution go by?
Jacobins - left-wing political group that emerged during the French Revolution, known for their radicalism and commitment to social and political change, and advocating for the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a democratic republic. They played a significant role in the Reign of Terror, which was a period of intense political repression and violence during the Revolution.
What document captured the enlightened goals of the French Revolution?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
What three words captured the essence of the above document? They became the slogan of the revolution.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
The members of the National Assembly swore to stay assembled until a new constitution had been created, this was called the ____________ Oath.
Tennis Court
The French Revolution led to the death of which French king?
Louis XVI
Identify two developments that caused this somewhat moderate revolution to become radicalized.
The new government resorted to more violence and measures because the French were at war with Prussians, Austrians, and counter-revolutionaries.
The radical phase of the Revolution began when the more radical factions, such as the Jacobins, gained power and implemented more extreme policies.
The first development that caused the moderate revolution to become radicalized was the external pressure from other European monarchies who were afraid of the spread of revolutionary ideas.
The second development was the economic crisis and food shortages that caused social unrest and led to the rise of radical factions.
What was the Reign of Terror?
The Reign of Terror was a period of violence during the French Revolution that began in 1793 and lasted for about a year. It was characterized by mass executions of those who were perceived as enemies of the Revolution, including aristocrats, clergy, and political dissidents. The Committee of Public Safety was in charge of the Reign of Terror.
What were the goals of the Committee of Public Safety?
To defend France against external enemies and internal rebellion
To suppress counter-revolutionary activities and eliminate opposition to the new government
To mobilize the entire country for the war effort
To reorganize and centralize the French economy
To establish a planned economy through price controls and rationing
To promote nationalism and national unity
To establish a republican government
To enforce the principles of the French Revolution and eliminate any remnants of the old regime
To maintain law and order and public safety
To use propaganda to maintain popular support for the government and its policies.
After the French Revolution, what military leader spread ideas of the French Revolution beyond the French border?
Napoleon Bonaparte
What invasion proved disastrous for this general?
Invasion of Russia
The Napoleonic _______ was the legal system which emphasized equality before the law and private property rights throughout areas conquered by Napoleon.
Code
The ____________ System was Napoleon’s attempt to strangle Great Britain economically by denying it European markets.
Continental
In Egypt, Napoleon’s soldiers discovered the ________ Stone which helped decipher the meaning of hieroglyphics.
Rosetta
Initially, Coalition forces sent Napoleon into exile on the island of __________.
Elba
What was Napoleon’s final military defeat?
The Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon died on what island?
Island of Saint Helena
Identify two new political philosophies that emerged after the Congress of Vienna?
Conservatism: a political philosophy that emphasized the importance of tradition, stability, and established institutions, and rejected radical change and revolution.
Liberalism: a political philosophy that emphasized individual freedom, civil liberties, and representative government, and favored progressive change and reform.
These philosophies represented competing visions for the future of Europe and shaped political debates and movements throughout the 19th century. Conservatism dominated in the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna, but liberalism gained traction as the 19th century progressed and led to significant political and social reforms in many European countries.
What two developments (isms) were working against the conservative goals of the Congress of Vienna?
Nationalism, Liberalism
What were the religious, political, and economic characteristics of the colonial system in nineteenth century Latin America?
Religious: Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism, was the dominant religion and used by the colonizers as a tool for conversion and control of the native population.
Political: The colonial system was characterized by absolute monarchies and the concentration of power in the hands of a few, often appointed by the crown.
Economic: The colonial system was based on the exploitation of natural resources, particularly precious metals such as gold and silver, and the use of slave labor from Africa.
Describe the new race based social hierarchy in colonial Latin America.
The new race-based social hierarchy in colonial Latin America was defined by a complex set of labels and categories that placed people of European descent at the top of the social ladder, followed by people of mixed race, and then people of African or indigenous descent. The label of "peninsulares" referred to people of European descent who were born in Spain and held the highest social status, followed by "creoles" who were people of European descent born in the colonies. Mestizos were people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, while mulattos were people of mixed European and African ancestry. The lowest social class was made up of people of African or indigenous descent, often referred to as "slaves" or "natives."
How did Spain and Portugal maintain control of their Latin American domains?
Control of trade and resources, particularly precious metals
Encomienda and hacienda systems
Establishment of viceroys and other colonial administrators
Use of military force to suppress resistance and rebellion
Religious and cultural conversion, particularly through the use of missionaries and the Catholic Church
Strict class and racial hierarchies that reinforced the status quo
Limited access to education and opportunities for social mobility
Strict censorship and control of the press and other forms of communication.
How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?
The American and French Revolutions sparked ideas of democracy, liberty, and equality.
These ideas were spread throughout Latin America via newspapers, books, and other printed materials.
Latin American intellectuals who studied in Europe and the United States were influenced by these ideas and returned home with them.
The success of the American and French Revolutions demonstrated to Latin American revolutionaries that it was possible to successfully overthrow colonial powers.
Leaders of the independence movements in Latin America were inspired by the ideas of the American and French Revolutions, and often referred to them in their own speeches and documents.
Analyzing the causes of the Haitian Revolution, including the participation of white settlers in the Revolt.
The Haitian Revolution was influenced by several factors, including the participation of white settlers in the revolt, the inspiration of the American and French Revolutions, and the brutal conditions under slavery.
Toussaint Louverture played a key role in the Haitian Revolution and became a symbol of resistance against colonialism and slavery in Latin America and beyond.
The Haitian Revolution was a total revolution, meaning that it involved not just political change but also social, economic, and cultural transformations.
The revolution in Haiti had a profound impact on the wider Latin American independence movement, inspiring other countries to seek their own freedom from colonial rule.
Analyze the tension between political change and racial issues in Haiti at the time of the Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was sparked by a desire for political autonomy, but race and slavery played a central role in the conflict. Haiti was characterized by a rigid system of racial hierarchy, with black slaves at the bottom and white planters at the top. Toussaint L'ouverture led the revolution to abolish slavery and establish a democratic government. However, the revolution was marked by significant violence and bloodshed, and the conflict between the races intensified over time. The participation of white settlers in the revolt further complicated the issue of race, and after the revolution, former slaves sought to establish their rights in a society still marked by racial inequality.
Identify the underlying causes of the Latin American Revolutions.
Economic exploitation of the colonies by European powers
Social inequality and a rigid caste system based on race
Influence of Enlightenment ideas and the American and French Revolutions
Political oppression and lack of representation in colonial governments
Creole discontent with the limited opportunities for political power
Weakening of Spain and Portugal due to Napoleonic Wars and subsequent loss of authority over colonies.
Identify several contemporary countries that gained their independence from Spain and Portugal during the first quarter of the nineteenth century.
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Paraguay
Argentina
Chile
Uruguay
Mexico
Brazil
Identify the major problems preventing the newly liberated states in Latin America from holding together
Regionalism and lack of national identity
Economic instability and dependence on foreign powers
Ongoing struggles over land ownership and distribution
Social and racial inequality and tensions
Lack of strong centralized government and political instability
External threats from former colonial powers and other foreign interests
Struggles for power and influence among local elites and military leaders.
What segment of Latin American society led the rebellions against the Spanish during the early 1800s?
Creole class
Father _______________ started the Mexican independence movement.
Miguel Hidalgo
Toussant __________ led the successful slave revolt in Haiti.
Louverture
Who was known as the “Liberator” in South American history?
Simón Bolívar (creole)
The _____________ Doctrine claimed that the United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe
Map
– Havana
– Mexico City
– Lima
– São Paulo
– Buenos Aires
How did nineteenth century political developments affect Romanticism?
The Age of Reason emphasized reason, individualism, and the scientific method, which challenged traditional authority and encouraged a focus on rationalism and empiricism.
These ideas helped to fuel political movements that sought to overthrow traditional monarchies and establish democratic forms of government, including the French Revolution and the American Revolution.
The political and social upheaval of the nineteenth century led to a reaction against the rationalism and empiricism of the Age of Reason, resulting in the emergence of the Romantic movement.
Romanticism emphasized emotion, imagination, and the individual experience, and rejected the scientific and rationalist outlook of the previous era.
This shift in cultural values had a significant impact on the arts, literature, and philosophy of the time, and helped to shape the political and social movements of the nineteenth century.
Give specific examples of how Enlightenment views were reflected in the arts and literature of the time.
The Age of Reason saw a shift away from traditional religious art and literature, as rationalism and humanism became more important philosophical concepts.
Writers such as John Milton, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke penned works that reflected their Enlightenment beliefs.
Literary works of this period were often characterized by a focus on reason and science, and a rejection of superstition and mysticism.
Painters such as Rembrandt and Peter Paul Rubens focused on naturalistic depictions of the world, often rejecting traditional religious iconography.
Music of the time was often characterized by its complexity and focus on harmony, as composers such as Bach and Handel experimented with new forms of expression.
Johann Sebastian Bach:
German composer, renowned for his mastery of Baroque music and its intricate contrapuntal style.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:
Austrian composer and musician, highly influential in classical music, as well as opera and symphonic works.
Miguel de Cervantes:
Spanish novelist and poet, best known for his iconic novel Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel
The advent of all-weather __________ and improvements in _________ design lowered trade costs and improved year round transport.
sailing
boat
Enlightened Despots Chart being Enlightened Completed
Catherine the Great
1729-1796
Russia
Converted to Russian Orthodox to win over Russians
Allowed for overthrow of her hated husband Peter III.
Had many lovers.
Placed one lover on throne of Poland. French Revolutionaries made up rumors about horses to discredit her.
Codified Russian law
Paid off national debt
Invited professionals into country to train Russians
Divided Russian into districts and provinces
Strong patron of arts- supported the Hermitage Museum
Founded the Russian Academie of Letters and Science
__Methods of Consolidating Power: __Made the Russian Church a state institution
Enlightened Despots Chart being Enlightened Completed
Maria Theresa
1700s
Habsburg ruler of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary
Created supreme court
Created new civil code
Established various academies
Improved tax system
Enlightened Despots Chart being Enlightened Completed
Joseph II
1741-1790
Austria, Hungary, Bohemia
Rash, bold, influenced by Enlightenment
Skeptical of Religion.
Implemented many enlightened reforms
Abolished Torture
Abolished serfdom
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
1781 Edict of Toleration
Created asylums, hospitals and orphanages
__Methods of Consolidating Power: __
Weakened the nobility by;
Ending serfdom
Establishing schools
Abolished exclusive nobility ownership of land
Taxed nobility
Emphasized merit
Created appeals court for peasants
Weakened Church by;
Seizing church holdings
Dissolving 400 monasteries
Bishops had to take oath of loyalty to him
Enlightened Despots Chart being Enlightened Completed
Frederick II
1712-1786
Prussia
Considered himself the “First servant of the state”
Not religious
Loved both warfare and culture. Good musician and writer. Had long correspondence with Voltaire
Granted Religious freedom
Mandated education
Ended persecution of witches
Limited torture and death penalty
__Methods of Consolidating Power: __
Removed internal trade barriers
Recruited talented artisans
Kept nobility busy in Military
Enlightened Despots Chart not being Enlightened Completed
Catherine the Great
1729-1796
Russia
Expanded Russian Territory by 200,000 square miles through wars with Ottoman Empire
Acquired land in Poland, Crimea, and Turkish held land.
__Methods of Consolidating Power: __
Kept nobility at bay by empowering them on their own lands
Noble Charter gave nobility
Control over serfs
Tax exemption
Heredity of titles
Brutally crushed peasant uprising (Pugachevs Rebellion) 1773
Made the Russian Church a state institution
Enlightened Despots Chart not being Enlightened Completed
Maria Theresa
1700s
Very pious Catholic.
Doubled the army
Endured long wars with Prussia
__Methods of Consolidating Power: __
Created degree of religious uniformity by driving out many Protestants
Enlightened Despots Chart not being Enlightened Completed
Joseph II
1741-1790
Austria, Hungary, Bohemia
Considered one of the true enlightened despots, though after his death, all of his accomplishments and efforts were reversed
Enlightened Despots Chart not being Enlightened Completed
Frederick II
1712-1786
Prussia
Considered himself the “First servant of the state”
Not religious
Loved both warfare and culture. Good musician and writer. Had long correspondence with Voltaire
Increased Army
Successfully acquired Silesia in War of Austrian Succession 1740s
Beat multiple nations in Seven Years War
__Methods of Consolidating Power: __
Raised taxes
High protective tariffs
Note 
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