Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
study of how the body and its parts work or function
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Regional Anatomy
all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg
Systematic Anatomy
body structure is studied system by system
Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Histology
the study of tissues at the microscopic level
Cytology
the study of cells at the microscopic level
Developmental Anatomy
traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
Embryology
concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Renal Physiology
Concerns kidney function and urine production
Neurophysiology
the study of how the nervous system functions
Cardiovascular Physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Anatomical Position
the body is standing erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
Directional Terms
used to describe the relative position of one body part to another
Superior (cranial)
toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior (ventral)
front of the body; toward the front
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; in the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body truck
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
Regional Terms
identify specific areas of the body
Axial region
refers to the main axis of the body - head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular region
refers to appendages (arms and legs)
Body Planes or Sections
used to describe how the body or an organ is divided into two parts
Sagittal plane
divides a body or organ vertically into right and left parts
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left parts
Parasagittal plane
divides the body into unequal right and left parts
Frontal (coronal) plane
plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body or organ horizontally top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts
Body Cavities
are enclosed areas that house organs
Ventral cavity
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Mediastinum
mid-portion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea are located in
Pleural cavities
it is where the right and left lung is located
Abdominopelvic cavity
contains the abdomina and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity
contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine
Dorsal cavity
includes the cranial and spinal cavities
Cranial cavity
contains the brain
Spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
Plasma Membrane
Composed of thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins
Cytoplasm
All cell substance (liquid) from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
internal framework of cell; Provides support and movement of cell and organelle
Ribosomes
Manufacture enzymes and other proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Network of connecting sacs and canals; Carries substances thru cytoplasm
Rough ER
collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosome
Smooth ER
synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane
Golgi Apparatus
called the chemical processing and packaging center
Mitochondria
power plants of the cell; Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
Lysosomes
Membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes; Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Centrosome
Microtubule-organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus
Centrioles
paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other within the centrosome
Microvilli
increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell
Cilia
hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells
Flagella
single projection (much more longer than Cilia)
Nucleus
contains most of the genetic code (genome), instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function
Desmosomes
bears a disk-shaped structure from which protein fibers extend into the cytoplasm; protein attachments between adjacent cells
Tight junctions
are tightly stitched seams between cells; The junction completely encircles each cell, preventing the movement of material between the cell.
Gap junctions
are narrow tunnels between cells that consist of proteins called connexons.
Tissues
The human body is composed of approximately 200 distinctly different types of cells.
Epithelial tissue
Covers body and lines body cavities; Cells packed closely together with little matrix
Simple squamous epithelium
single layer of scale like cells adapted for transport (e.g.. absorption)
Stratified squamous epithelium
several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection
Simple columnar epithelium
tall, column-like cells arranged in a single layer, contain mucus producing goblet cells: specialized for absorption
Stratified transitional epithelium
up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched; found in body areas that stretch, such as urinary bladder
Pseudostratified epithelium
single layer of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches basement membrane
Simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cubelike cells often specialized for secretory activity; may secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface
Connective tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and functions
Areolar (loose connective) tissue
A connective tissue that have fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organs together, collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types
Adipose (fat) tissue
A connective tissue that have ipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat
Reticular tissue
a type of connective tissue that is a delicate net of collagen fibers
Dense fibrous tissue
A connective tissue that have bundles of strong collagen fibers
Bone tissue
a type of connective tissue functions as support and protection
Cartilage tissue
a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones.
Blood tissue
a type of connection tissue that function as transportation and protection
Skeletal muscle tissue
attaches to bones; control is voluntary; striations apparent when viewed under a microscope
Cardiac muscle tissue
composes heart wall and also called striated involuntary; ordinarily cannot control contractions with intercalated disc
Smooth muscle tissue
also called nonstriated (visceral) or involuntary
Nervous Tissue
Function rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions
Neurons
is a basic structural unit of the nervous system containing a cell body, dendrites and an axon
Glia (neuroglia)
supportive and connecting cells
Skin
consists of accessory organs, such as glands, hair, and nails, thus making up the integumentary system
Epidermis
consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Keratinocytes
produce keratin (a protein that hardens and waterproofs the skin)
Melanocytes
produce melanin (a pigment that protects cells from ultraviolet radiation)
Langerhans cells
are phagocytic macrophages that interact with white blood cells during an immune response
Merkel cells
occur deep in the epidermis at the epidermal-dermal boundary
The stratum corneum
contains many layers of dead, anucleate keratinocytes completely filled with keratin.
The stratum lucidum
contains two to three layers of anucleate cells.
The stratum granulosum
contains two to four layers of cells held together by desmosomes
The stratum spinosum
contains eight to ten layers of cells connected by desmosomes
The stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
contains a single layer of columnar cells actively dividing by mitosis to produce cells that migrate into the upper epidermal layers and ultimately to the surface of the skin.
Dermis
consists of various connective tissues. As connective tissue, it contains fibroblasts and macrophages within a gelatinous matrix containing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
The papillary layer
is a thin outer layer of areolar connective tissue with fingerlike projections called dermal papillae that protrude into the epidermis.