Anatomy & Physiology (STM 010)

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Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Regional Anatomy

all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg

Systematic Anatomy

body structure is studied system by system

Surface Anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Histology

the study of tissues at the microscopic level

Cytology

the study of cells at the microscopic level

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

Embryology

concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

Renal Physiology

Concerns kidney function and urine production

Neurophysiology

the study of how the nervous system functions

Cardiovascular Physiology

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Anatomical Position

the body is standing erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Directional Terms

used to describe the relative position of one body part to another

Superior (cranial)

toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body; toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; in the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body truck

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Regional Terms

identify specific areas of the body

Axial region

refers to the main axis of the body - head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular region

refers to appendages (arms and legs)

Body Planes or Sections

used to describe how the body or an organ is divided into two parts

Sagittal plane

divides a body or organ vertically into right and left parts

Midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left parts

Parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Frontal (coronal) plane

plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts

Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body or organ horizontally top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts

Body Cavities

are enclosed areas that house organs

Ventral cavity

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Mediastinum

mid-portion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea are located in

Pleural cavities

it is where the right and left lung is located

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains the abdomina and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic cavity

contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine

Dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities

Cranial cavity

contains the brain

Spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

Plasma Membrane

Composed of thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins

Cytoplasm

All cell substance (liquid) from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

Cytoskeleton

internal framework of cell; Provides support and movement of cell and organelle

Ribosomes

Manufacture enzymes and other proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of connecting sacs and canals; Carries substances thru cytoplasm

Rough ER

collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosome

Smooth ER

synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane

Golgi Apparatus

called the chemical processing and packaging center

Mitochondria

power plants of the cell; Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)

Lysosomes

Membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes; Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Centrosome

Microtubule-organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus

Centrioles

paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other within the centrosome

Microvilli

increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell

Cilia

hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells

Flagella

single projection (much more longer than Cilia)

Nucleus

contains most of the genetic code (genome), instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function

Desmosomes

bears a disk-shaped structure from which protein fibers extend into the cytoplasm; protein attachments between adjacent cells

Tight junctions

are tightly stitched seams between cells; The junction completely encircles each cell, preventing the movement of material between the cell.

Gap junctions

are narrow tunnels between cells that consist of proteins called connexons.

Tissues

The human body is composed of approximately 200 distinctly different types of cells.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body and lines body cavities; Cells packed closely together with little matrix

Simple squamous epithelium

single layer of scale like cells adapted for transport (e.g.. absorption)

Stratified squamous epithelium

several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection

Simple columnar epithelium

tall, column-like cells arranged in a single layer, contain mucus producing goblet cells: specialized for absorption

Stratified transitional epithelium

up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched; found in body areas that stretch, such as urinary bladder

Pseudostratified epithelium

single layer of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches basement membrane

Simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cubelike cells often specialized for secretory activity; may secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface

Connective tissue

Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and functions

Areolar (loose connective) tissue

A connective tissue that have fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organs together, collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types

Adipose (fat) tissue

A connective tissue that have ipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat

Reticular tissue

a type of connective tissue that is a delicate net of collagen fibers

Dense fibrous tissue

A connective tissue that have bundles of strong collagen fibers

Bone tissue

a type of connective tissue functions as support and protection

Cartilage tissue

a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones.

Blood tissue

a type of connection tissue that function as transportation and protection

Skeletal muscle tissue

attaches to bones; control is voluntary; striations apparent when viewed under a microscope

Cardiac muscle tissue

composes heart wall and also called striated involuntary; ordinarily cannot control contractions with intercalated disc

Smooth muscle tissue

also called nonstriated (visceral) or involuntary

Nervous Tissue

Function rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions

Neurons

is a basic structural unit of the nervous system containing a cell body, dendrites and an axon

Glia (neuroglia)

supportive and connecting cells

Skin

consists of accessory organs, such as glands, hair, and nails, thus making up the integumentary system

Epidermis

consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Keratinocytes

produce keratin (a protein that hardens and waterproofs the skin)

Melanocytes

produce melanin (a pigment that protects cells from ultraviolet radiation)

Langerhans cells

are phagocytic macrophages that interact with white blood cells during an immune response

Merkel cells

occur deep in the epidermis at the epidermal-dermal boundary

The stratum corneum

contains many layers of dead, anucleate keratinocytes completely filled with keratin.

The stratum lucidum

contains two to three layers of anucleate cells.

The stratum granulosum

contains two to four layers of cells held together by desmosomes

The stratum spinosum

contains eight to ten layers of cells connected by desmosomes

The stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

contains a single layer of columnar cells actively dividing by mitosis to produce cells that migrate into the upper epidermal layers and ultimately to the surface of the skin.

Dermis

consists of various connective tissues. As connective tissue, it contains fibroblasts and macrophages within a gelatinous matrix containing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

The papillary layer

is a thin outer layer of areolar connective tissue with fingerlike projections called dermal papillae that protrude into the epidermis.