FINAL EXAM BIO 211

What is the hierarchy of life?

subatomic particle, atom, molecule, organelle, cell, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

What kind of organism did Professor Agassiz use?

fish

What was the lesson from Professor Agassiz?

never be content with explanations, continue to learn

Scientific method

using evidence to answer questions and test ideas

Hypothesis

testable explanation for one or more observations

Theory

an explanation of natural phenomenon at broader scale than hypothesis

What did snail experiment show?

Snails understand gravity

How to carry the microscope?

Two hands, close to body, one hand on arm, one on base

How to find the magnification of microscope?

Lens x 10

What is magnification and color for an electron microscope?

35 x 500,000 no color

What are the three domains of life?

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

What are the four kingdoms?

plantae, fungi, animalia, protista

Are viruses alive?

No

How do viruses reproduce?

phage attaches to cell wall, DNA injected into bacterial cell, phage DNA replicated, phage coat proteins synthesized, mature visions assembled, cell releases infective virions

What are protista?

protozoans like phytoplankton, zooplankton

What makes up fungi?

hyphae, mycelium, lichen

What is lichen?

symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus

What defines an animal?

Multicellular

What is unique about plants?

Photosynthesis

What is the hierarchy of classification?

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What is another name for Genus and species combined?

scientific name

What is CHNOPS?

carbon, hydrous, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

What are the parts of an atom?

proton, neutron, electron

What is the structure of an atom?

nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons

What is atomic number?

number of protons which determine chemical properties of atom

What is atomic weight?

protons and neutrons combined

How many bonds do carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen form?

4, 3, 2, 1

What are the four macromolecules?

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Enzyme

catalyst proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What did peroxide experiment show?

catalyst created reaction and bubbling

What did cracker experiment show?

enzymes in saliva digest carbohydrates and release sugar, causing reaction

What is the shape of DNA?

double helix

What is the benefit of a larger surface to volume area?

greater surface area provides more exchange of energy and waste

What did Robert Hooke discover?

“cells” in cork

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

plants have cell wall and chloroplasts

Nucleus

contains DNA

Centrioles

form spindle fibers during cell division

Cell membrane

regulate what enters and exits the cell

Golgi body

packages proteins

Vacuole

storage

Lysosome

digestive enzyme that breaks down waste

Mitochondria

converts food to energy

Ribosome

protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

carries ribosomes

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

prokaryotic lack nucleus and organelles

What is a spectroscope?

device that shows chemical makeup of visible light

What color does chlorophyll fluoresce?

red

What color is reflected light chlorophyll?

green

What does green filter do to light?

absorbs all colors expect green so green is reflected

What makes up a chloroplast?

stroma, grana, outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid, inter membrane space

What makes up a mitochondria?

inner membrane, outer membrane, inter membrane space, matrix

What is a stomata?

openings in leaves that allow co2 in and h2o out

What surrounds stomata?

guard cells

What is mitosis?

two daughter cells have same # and kind of chromosome

What is meiosis?

four daughter cells with half # of chromosomes

What are the phases of mitosis?

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What did lillium show?

meiosis

What did allium show?

mitosis

How does DNA replicate?

master strand unzips, mRNA matches, mRNA moves to tRNA, tRNA brings amino acid

Nucleotides

nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate

Codons

mRNA sequence that codes for amino acid

Anticodon

tRNA sequence that brings amino acid

Amino acid

building block of protein

What is a mutation?

error in the DNA sequence

What chemicals did we taste?

PTC, Thiourea, Sodium Benzonate

Genotype

complete set of genetic material of an organism

Phenotype

observable characteristics of individual

Monohybrid cross

2 individuals with homozygous genotypes breed

Dihybrid cross

2 organisms identically hybrid for two traits breed

What are the blood types?

A, B, AB, O

Who are universal blood donors?

Type O-

Who are universal blood receivers?

Type AB +

What is issue with Rh factors?

mom with Rh- with Rh+ kids will not survive

Homozygous

two identical alleles

Heterozygous

two different alleles

What is genetic engineering?

modifying organism’s genetic material

What is the human genome project?

project to determine base pairs that make up DNA

What is sickle cell disease?

hemoglobin distorts red blood cells, resistant to malaria

What are some human skull trends?

cranium becomes larger, less prominent brow, higher forehead, thinner bones

What did colored cloth and bead experiment show?

natural selection

Allopatric speciation

species separates into 2 groups that live separately

Sympatric speciation

species separates into 2 groups that live together

Oldest fossil

Archaeopteryx

How do bacteria reproduce?

asexually via mitosis

How do yeast reproduce?

asexually via budding

What is a baculum?

bone in penis

What does sexual behavior look like in rats?

female sniffs male, hops around, curves back and exposes genitals

What makes up sperm?

head, neck, middle piece, tail, mitochondria, acrosome

Penis

urination and intercourse

Testis

make sperm and testosterone

Prostate gland

makes semen

Vas deferens

carries sperm from testis

Epididymus

stores maturing sperm

Urethra

empties urine and semen

Urinary bladder

stores urine

Seminal vesicle

produce fluids for semen

Labium majus and minus

protect vaginal opening

Fallopian tube

connects uterus to ovaries

Vagina

passage for intercourse and birth

Cervix

allows fluids in and out of uterus