pharma

Blood dyscrasia

bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects on the rapidly multiplying cells of the bone marrow.

Dermatological Reactions

skin reactions commonly seen as adverse effects of drugs;

can range from simple rash to potentially fatal exfoliative dermatitis.

Stomatitis

inflammation of the mucous membranes related to drug effects which can lead to nutrition and dental problems.

Superinfections

infection caused by destruction of normal flora bacteria by certain drugs which allow other bacteria to grow out of control and cause infection

Allergy or Hypersensitivity

when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug causing an immune response when the person is re exposed to the drug

Poisoning

overdose of a drug that causes damage to multiple body systems and has the potential for fatal reactions.

Hepatotoxic

any drugs that may cause potential liver damage.

Nephrototoxic

any drugs that may cause potential kidney damage.

Hypoglycemia

decrease in blood glucose concentration

Hyperglycemia

high serum glucose levels

Ocular Damage

blood vessels in the retina is very tiny and some drugs may cause inflammation and damage

Auditory Damage

tiny vessels and nerves in the eight cranial nerve are easily irritated and damage by certain drugs

Neurological Effects

many drugs can affect the functioning of the

nerves in the periphery and CNS

Anticholinergic Side Effects

Cant

• see

• Pee

• Spit

• Shit

Extrapyramidal side effects

Conventional antipsychotics

Dystonia

Involuntary muscle contractions

Parkinson’s symptoms

• shuffling gait

• Rigidity

Tardive dyskinesia

• lip smacking

• Tongue rolling

Akathisia

Restlessness

Article VI of RA 9173

Philippine Nursing Act of 1991

medication error

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health-care professional, patient, or consumer

medication reconciliation

formal comparison of medicines pre- and post-care

Tablets

compressed or molded substances to be swallowed whole, chewed before swallowing, or placed in the buccal pocket or under the tongue(sublingual)

Capsules

substances encased in either a hard or a soft soluble container or gelatin shell that dissolves in the stomach

Caplets

gelatin-coated tablets that dissolve in the stomach

Powder and granules

finely ground substances

Troches, lozenges, and pastilles

similar preparations of drugs designed to dissolve in the mouth

Enteric-coated

coated tablets that dissolve in the intestines

Time-release capsules

encased substances that are further enclosed in smaller casings that deliver a drug dose over an extended period of time

Sustained-release

compounded substances designed to release a drug slowly to maintain a steady blood medication level

Sublingual

• place the drug under the tongue.

• Same as oral but rapid absorption

• Effect may be altered by gastric juices when swallowed

Buccal

• Medication should be held in the mouth against the mucosa of cheeks until drug dissolves.

• Effect may be altered by gastric juices when swallowed

Topical

• Lotions & ointments

• Use surgical gloves when applying to patient

• Can cause burn and local skin allergic reaction

Liniments

substances mixed with an alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient that are applied to the skin

Ointments

semisolid substances for topical use

Pastes

semisolid substances, thicker than an ointment, that are absorbed slowly through the skin

Transdermal patches

contain medication that is absorbed through the skin over an extended period of time

Suppositories

gelatin substances designed to dissolve when inserted in the rectum, urethra, or vagina

Ophthalmic

• instillation and irrigation

• Use sterile technique during application

• Eye irritation, discomfort, redness

instillation

give only the prescribed medication

irrigation

• position in lying or sitting

• lower conjunctiva

Otic instillation

to soften the earwax, reduce inflammation &

relive pain

Otic irrigation

to remove pus, foreign body and apply heat.

Nasal

to loosen secretions and loosen swollen membranes

Inhalation

• nebulizer and inhalers

• Position in semi fowlers or high fowlers

Vaginal Irrigation

to clean vaginal area aseptically

Vaginal

• limited use with local therapeutic effects.

• Can be liquid, tablet or jelly.

Intradermal

• under the epidermis (ID)

• 10-15 degree

Subcutaneous

• Into the subcutaneous tissue

• 45 degree angle

Intramuscular

Into the muscle (IM)

Intravenous

into the vein IV

Intraarterial

into the artery

Intraosseous

into the bone

Onset

time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response.

Peak

time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Duration

drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

14g orange

Rapid fluid & blood infusion, trauma, surgery

18g green

Rapid fluid & blood infusion, trauma

20g pink

Most fluid & medication infusion

22g blue

• adult, fragile veins

• Slower fluid & medication infusion

24g yellow

Elderly, pediatric, small veins

26g purple

Neonates, pedia

a.c.

before meals

ad lib

freely, as desired

b.i.d.

two times a day

c

with

cap

capsule

elix

elixir

H

Hour

Hrly

Hourly

ID

Intradermal

IM

Intramuscular

IV

Intravenous

IVPB

intravenous piggyback

NG

Nasogastric

ODHS

at night

p.c.

after meals

per

by

PO

by mouth

prn

as needed

q

every

q2h

every 2 hours

q.i.d

four times a day

qs

sufficient quantity

stat

immediately

supp

suppository

susp

suspension

Tab

Tablet

t.i.d.

three times a day

Tr

tinct tincture

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8423

traditional and alternative medicine act of 1997