Judd AP Lang Socrates

Cliesthenes

founded democracy when he reformed athens' constitution in 508 BC

Greco-Persian wars

(490-479 bc) greece won in the end because of the will of the people to defend their home. their naval superiority allowed them to expel the persians.

heredotus

historian who wrote about and recorded the greco-persian wars

battle of marathon

1st persian invasion of greece in 490, led by darius. persia was defeated; 6,400 persians died vs 192 athenians

battle of salamis

480 bc, the greek fleet of triremes defeated the persian fleet led by xerxes. they all evacuated athens, which was later burnt down. they tricked persia into fighting in a narrow body of water and the greek ships formed a "wooden wall" that beat the persians

themistocles

greek statesman and general, great rhetorician, convinced athens to build a fleet of triremes to fight their enemies; people exiled him when they thought he was too powerful

darius

persian king during the battle of marathon, the "great king"

xerxes

darius's son who took over when he died, wanted revenge for his father's defeat during the battle of marathon, led the persians to invade during the battle of salamis

peloponnesian wars

(431-404 bc) war between athens led by pericles and sparta led by lysander. athenians barricaded themselves behind a wall. sparta won, partly because of plague and political chaos in athens

thucydides

historian who wrote about the peloponnesian war

pericles

athenian leader who got athens involved in the peloponnesian war, used the delian league to strengthen athens, thought athens could do anything. died of plague.

alcibiades

socrates' student, friend, and would be lover. he planned and commanded a force against sparta in sicily, but after dishonoring a sacred ceremony he betrayed athens and told sparta how to beat them. murdered, brought dishonor on socrates.

nicias

friend of socrates, proposed the plan to sicily, but was an indecisive leader so it was a disaster. relied too much on prophecies. executed.

battle of syracuse

expedition to sicily proposed by nicias and alcibiades. a failure, athens was defeated horribly.

battle of arginusae

last major athenian victory of the peloponnesian war; afterwards 6 out of 8 generals were killed for not rescuing sailors that fell off the ship. they were tried with no jury and as a group.

mytilene

the people of the city revolted. athens voted to kill them all as punishment, but later changed their minds.

lysander

spartan general who led sparta to victory in the peloponnesian war

critias

led a vichy-style gov. controlled by sparta, seized dictatorial power and began a reign of terror. socrates' former pupil. killed.

charmides

friend of socrates, plato's uncle, critias chief associate. killed.

trial of socrates

charged for impiety and corrupting the youth. used irony which turned people against him. also said he thought he should get free meals or have to pay a small fee

meletus

chief prosecutor of socrates, religious fanatic

socratic problem

how do we know what socrates taught when he wrote nothing?

socratic dialogues

around 35 by plato, informal, general audience

apology

the speech Socrates makes at his trial. said he was a "gadfly" stinging athens

crito

about crito trying to make socrates escape, but he said no because it isn't the right thing to do. you should only care about the opinions of the knowing. revenge is bad.

phaedo

his death. he tells crito that his body isn't him- when he's dead he'll be in the world of the forms.

gorgias

debate with a sophist. talks about crafts vs knacks. orators need to be just, because they can easily persuade the unknowing.

republic

tries to define justice. allegory of the cave- reality exists in the world of the forms. utopian blueprint.

athens

greek city-state, invented democracy, largest and most influential, cultural center. focused on the arts and rhetoric. naval power.

sparta

greek city-state, powerful army; focused everything on their military. oligarchy.

polis

city ("the people in arms")

sophistry

focused on skepticism and relativism

problem of the one and the many

pre-socratic philosophy

parthenon

built by ictinus in 438 bc, used entasis and depicted humans, not gods

aeschylus

wrote prometheus bound, member of pericles' squad. died in 456 bc.

prometheus bound

told about prometheus who was punished for giving humans fire and the arts. champion of the oppressed and independent thinker

protagoras

chief theorist of anthropocentrism. atheist, "man is the measure of all things". taught virtue to make money, thought justice shouldn't be revenge.

phidias

greek sculptor who made the giant gold and ivory statue of athena in the parthenon

entasis

slight deviation from straight lines to make an illusion of perfection

dualism

reality is divided into the body and the soul

idealism

plato's theory of the forms; only ideas have the true nature of a thing