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97 Terms
Who was Aethelbert?
Aethelbert was a king of Kent who played a crucial role in the early spread of Christianity in England.
What is Arianism?
Arianism is a theological doctrine that denies the full divinity of Jesus Christ, significant in early Christian debates.
What was the significance of Augustine of Canterbury?
Augustine of Canterbury was a missionary who helped convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, establishing the Church in England.
What was the Battle of Adrianople?
The Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD was a significant conflict where the Eastern Roman Empire faced a devastating defeat against the Goths.
What was the importance of Clovis I?
Clovis I was the first king of the Franks to unite all Frankish tribes under one ruler, and he converted to Christianity, influencing the region's religious landscape.
What was the significance of the Dome of the Rock?
The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine in Jerusalem, important for its religious significance in Islam and its architectural beauty.
Who was Justinian the Great?
Justinian the Great was a Byzantine emperor known for his ambitious legal reforms and the construction of the Hagia Sophia.
What was the role of the Franks in the Dark Ages?
The Franks were a significant Germanic tribe that established a powerful kingdom in Gaul, influencing the development of medieval Europe.
What was the significance of the Heptarchy?
The Heptarchy refers to the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, highlighting the fragmented political landscape before unification.
What was the impact of the Battle of Catalaunian Fields?
The Battle of Catalaunian Fields in 451 AD was a pivotal battle where Roman and allied forces halted the advance of Attila the Hun into Gaul.
Who was Theoderic the Great?
Theoderic the Great was the king of the Ostrogoths who ruled Italy and sought to maintain peace between the Goths and Romans.
What was the significance of the Koran?
The Koran is the holy book of Islam, containing the revelations received by Muhammad, and is central to Islamic faith and practice.
What was the role of monasteries during the Dark Ages?
Monasteries served as centers of learning, preservation of texts, and spiritual life, playing a crucial role in the cultural and religious landscape.
What does the term 'Foederati' refer to?
Foederati were allied tribes or groups that provided military support to the Roman Empire in exchange for land and autonomy.
What was the significance of the Battle of Yarmouk?
The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD was a decisive battle that led to the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine territories in the Levant.
Who was Flavius Aetius?
Flavius Aetius was a Roman general known for his defense against the Huns and his role in the Battle of Adrianople.
What was the impact of the Stirrup Controversy?
The Stirrup Controversy involved debates over the use of stirrups in warfare, which transformed cavalry tactics and military strategies.
1. Aethelbert
Where: Kent (England)
When: r. 590-616
Why: First AngloSaxon king to convert to Christianity; opened England to Roman missionary activity (Augustine).
2. Ammianus Marcellinus
Where: Roman Empire (born in Antioch, wrote in Latin)
When: 4th century CE
Why: Last great Latin historian of Rome; key source for late empire and barbarian invasions.
3. Angles and Saxons
Where: Migrated from continental Europe to Britain
When: 5th-6th centuries CE
Why: Established Anglo-Saxon kingdoms after Rome; laid groundwork for medieval England.
4. Arab
Where: Arabian Peninsula
When: Late Antiquity (esp. 6th-7th centuries CE)
Why: Arabs were central to the rise of Islam and early Islamic conquests.
5. Arianism
Where: Roman Empire (esp. Goths, Vandals)
When: 4th-6th centuries CE
Why: Heresy denying Christ's divinity; shaped theological/political conflicts, influenced barbarian Christianity.
6. Augustine of Canterbury
Where: Kent, England
When: Mission began 597 CE
Why: Sent by Gregory the Great to convert Anglo-Saxons; first Archbishop of Canterbury.
7. Aula Palatina
Where: Trier, Germany
When: Early 4th century (Constantine)
Why: Imperial audience hall; example of Roman monumental architecture influencing medieval rulers.
8. Barrow
Where: Britain/Northern Europe
When: Prehistoric-early medieval
Why: Burial mounds for elites; archaeology (e.g. Sutton Hoo) reveals rulership and culture.
9. Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
Where: Rome
When: Early 4th century
Why: Last great Roman basilica; transition from classical to Christian architectural models.
10. Basilica of Saint Peter
Where: Rome (Vatican Hill)
When: Built 4th century under Constantine
Why: First monumental Christian basilica; center of papal authority/pilgrimage.
11. Battle of Adrianople
Where: Thrace (modern Turkey)
When: 378 CE
Why: Gothic victory over Romans; emperor Valens killed → major blow to Rome.
12. Battle of Catalaunian Fields
Where: Gaul
When: 451 CE
Why: Aetius and Visigoths halted Attila the Hun; preserved Western Europe.
13. Battle of Yarmouk
Where: Syria
When: 636 CE
Why: Muslim victory over Byzantines; secured Syria/Levant for Islam.
14. Battles of Soissons and Vouillé
Where: Gaul
When: Soissons (486), Vouillé (507)
Why: Clovis defeated Romans/Visigoths; consolidated Frankish power.
15. Bedouin
Where: Arabian desert
When: Pre-Islamic & early Islamic
Why: Nomadic tribes central to Muhammad's context & spread of Islam.
16. Benedict of Nursia
Where: Italy (Monte Cassino)
When: c. 480-547 CE
Why: Wrote Rule of Benedict; foundation of Western monasticism.
17. Birdoswald
Where: Hadrian's Wall, Britain
When: Late Roman-early medieval
Why: Fort adapted after Rome's retreat; shows continuity in Britain.
18. Boswelia
Where: Arabia/East Africa
When: Late Antiquity trade
Why: Source of frankincense; shows global trade links.
19. Cadbury Congresbury
Where: Somerset, England
When: 5th-6th centuries
Why: Reoccupied hillfort; linked to sub-Roman resistance/Arthurian lore.
20. Cella
Where: Roman temples
When: Classical-medieval
Why: Temple's inner chamber; influenced Christian church layouts.
21. Cenobite
Where: Egypt → wider Christian world
When: 4th century onward
Why: Monks in community (vs hermits); became standard monastic form.
22. Chedworth
Where: Gloucestershire, England
When: Roman villa, 4th-5th c.
Why: Elite continuity after Rome's decline in Britain.
23. Childeric
Where: Frankish Tournai
When: d. 481 CE
Why: Father of Clovis; burial shows Roman & Germanic cultural blending.
24. Church of Kathisma
Where: Near Jerusalem
When: Built c. 456 CE
Why: Marian pilgrimage church; reflects Virgin cult and Christian architecture.
25. Cloisonné
Where: Barbarian Europe (esp. Anglo-Saxon, Frankish)
When: Early medieval
Why: Decorative art style (metal & enamel); Sutton Hoo treasures.
26. Clovis I
Where: Gaul
When: r. 481-511 CE
Why: United Franks; converted to Nicene Christianity; founded Merovingians.
27. Collecta
Where: Roman/Byzantine church
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Procession/prayer stop; shows evolution of liturgy.
28. Colonia
Where: Roman Empire
When: Republic-Late Antiquity
Why: Roman veteran settlements; spread Romanization.
29. Constantine
Where: Roman Empire
When: r. 306-337 CE
Why: First Christian emperor; Edict of Milan; founded Constantinople.
30. Constitutio Antoniniana
Where: Roman Empire
When: 212 CE (Caracalla)
Why: Gave citizenship to all free men; expanded integration.
31. Crypta Balbi
Where: Rome
When: 1st-medieval centuries
Why: Archaeology shows Rome's transformation into medieval city.
32. Ctesiphon
Where: Mesopotamia (Sasanian Persia)
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Persian imperial capital; contested Roman frontier.
33. Curia Iulia
Where: Roman Forum, Rome
When: 1st c. BCE → Late Antiquity
Why: Senate house; later Christianized, symbol of continuity/change.
34. Dal Riata
Where: W. Scotland & Ireland
When: 5th-8th centuries
Why: Spread Irish Christianity & culture to Scotland.
35. Decuriones
Where: Roman cities
When: Imperial-Late Antiquity
Why: Local elites running towns; burden of taxes → urban decline.
36. Dome of the Rock
Where: Jerusalem
When: Built 691 CE
Why: First great Islamic monument; religious/political statement.
37. Dura Europos
Where: Syria (Euphrates)
When: Destroyed mid-3rd century
Why: Early Christian church & synagogue; religious diversity.
38. Eadwine of Northumbria
Where: Anglo-Saxon England
When: r. 616-633 CE
Why: Converted to Christianity; advanced Christianization of the north.
39. Flavius Aetius
Where: Western Roman Empire
When: c. 396-454 CE
Why: Defeated Attila at Catalaunian Fields; "last Roman."
40. Foederati
Where: Roman frontier provinces
When: 4th-5th centuries
Why: Barbarian allies settled in empire; both defense & destabilization.
41. Forum Magnum
Where: Rome
When: Republic-Empire
Why: Central civic/political space; heart of urban life.
42. Franks
Where: Gaul (France/Germany)
When: 5th-9th centuries
Why: Dominant barbarian kingdom in West; became medieval France.
43. Ghassanid/Lakhmid
Where: Arabia/Syria
When: 4th-6th centuries
Why: Arab client kingdoms of Byzantines (Ghassanids) and Persians (Lakhmids); frontier defense & cultural intermediaries.
44. Goths
Where: Migrated from Scandinavia → Roman Empire
When: 3rd-6th centuries
Why: Sacked Rome (410); split into Visigoths & Ostrogoths; major players in post-Roman kingdoms.
45. Hadith
Where: Islamic world
When: Collected 8th-9th centuries
Why: Traditions of Muhammad; crucial for Islamic law & practice.
46. Heptarchy
Where: Anglo-Saxon England
When: 7th-9th centuries
Why: Seven kingdoms (Kent, Wessex, Northumbria, etc.); shaped early English politics.
47. Hijra
Where: Arabia (Mecca → Medina)
When: 622 CE
Why: Muhammad's migration; start of Islamic calendar; foundation of Muslim community.
48. Judaea
Where: Roman province (Palestine)
When: 1st-4th centuries CE
Why: Site of Jewish revolts; birthplace of Christianity.
49. Justinian the Great
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: r. 527-565 CE
Why: Reforms (Corpus Juris Civilis); Hagia Sophia; reconquests.
50. Ka'ba
Where: Mecca
When: Pre-Islamic shrine → Islamic center
Why: Holiest site in Islam; pilgrimage (Hajj) focus.
51. Kingdom of Himyar
Where: Southern Arabia (Yemen)
When: 1st c. BCE-6th c. CE
Why: Major Red Sea trade power; religious conflicts (Judaism/Christianity/Islam).
52. Koine
Where: Eastern Mediterranean
When: Hellenistic-Byzantine period
Why: Common Greek dialect; lingua franca of Christianity & Byzantine empire.
53. Koran (Qur'an)
Where: Arabia
When: Revealed 610-632 CE; compiled c. 650 CE
Why: Central scripture of Islam; shaped Islamic culture & law.
54. Lateran Palace
Where: Rome
When: Given to pope by Constantine (4th c.)
Why: Papal residence/administrative center before Vatican.
55. Limes Arabicus
Where: Eastern frontier of Roman Empire (Jordan/Syria)
When: 3rd-6th centuries
Why: Fortifications against Arab tribes; frontier defense system.
56. Mecca/Medina
Where: Arabian Peninsula
When: 6th-7th centuries CE
Why: Mecca = Muhammad's birthplace; Medina = Hijra & first Muslim polity.
57. Media tempestas
Where: Western Europe
When: 9th-10th centuries
Why: "Middle storm" period between fall of Rome & Carolingians; concept of Dark Ages.
58. Melania the Younger
Where: Rome/Jerusalem
When: c. 383-439 CE
Why: Wealthy Christian ascetic; patron of monasticism, female religious life.
59. Mithraism
Where: Roman Empire
When: 1st-4th centuries CE
Why: Mystery religion popular with soldiers; rival to Christianity.
60. Monachoi
Where: Egypt, then Christian world
When: 4th century onward
Why: Greek for monks; highlights rise of monastic movements.
61. Muhammad
Where: Arabia
When: c. 570-632 CE
Why: Prophet of Islam; his revelations formed Qur'an; unified Arabia.
62. Pachomius
Where: Egypt
When: c. 292-346 CE
Why: Founded cenobitic monasticism; wrote early monastic rules.
63. Pantheon
Where: Rome
When: Rebuilt c. 118-125 CE; used into Middle Ages
Why: Pagan temple converted to church; architectural influence.
64. Phocas
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: r. 602-610 CE
Why: Usurper emperor; donated Roman Pantheon to pope; marked turmoil before Heraclius.
65. Pope Gregory the Great
Where: Rome
When: Pope 590-604 CE
Why: Reformed papacy; sent Augustine to England; pastoral theology.
66. Processional Liturgy
Where: Christian church rituals
When: Late Antiquity onward
Why: Processions shaped medieval worship & sacred spaces.
67. S. Maria Maggiore
Where: Rome
When: Built 5th century CE
Why: Major papal basilica; showcases early Christian mosaics.
68. S. Sabina
Where: Rome
When: c. 422-432 CE
Why: Early basilica-style church; model for later churches.
69. S. Stefano Rotondo
Where: Rome
When: c. 468-483 CE
Why: Circular church; reflects experimentation in Christian architecture.
70. Saint Anthony the Great
Where: Egypt
When: c. 251-356 CE
Why: First great Christian hermit; model for monasticism.
71. Saint Perpetua
Where: Carthage, North Africa
When: Martyred 203 CE
Why: Early Christian martyr; her diary is key testimony of faith.
72. Sip
Where: Roman Christianity
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Term linked to Eucharistic practices (sharing chalice); shows ritual evolution.
73. Statio
Where: Rome, Christian worship
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Gathering station for liturgical processions; shaped urban religious life.
74. Stilicho
Where: Western Roman Empire
When: c. 359-408 CE
Why: Vandal general, regent for Honorius; last effective Western Roman commander.
75. Stirrup Controversy
Where: Medieval Europe
When: c. 8th century debate
Why: Whether stirrups revolutionized feudal warfare; linked to rise of knights/feudalism.
76. Sutton Hoo
Where: East Anglia, England
When: c. early 7th century
Why: Ship burial with treasure; rich evidence of Anglo-Saxon kingship.
77. Symeon the Stylite
Where: Syria
When: c. 390-459 CE
Why: Ascetic who lived atop a pillar; extreme holiness, inspired stylite movement.
78. Tetrarchy
Where: Roman Empire
When: Established 293 CE by Diocletian
Why: Rule of four emperors; attempted to stabilize empire.
79. Theoderic the Great
Where: Ostrogothic Kingdom, Italy
When: r. 493-526 CE
Why: Ostrogothic king in Italy; preserved Roman institutions while ruling as barbarian king.
80. Theodosius
Where: Roman Empire
When: r. 379-395 CE
Why: Made Christianity official religion (Edict of Thessalonica, 380); last emperor to rule East & West.