Chapter 31 Treatment of Cancers

Benign

A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to surrounding tissues.

Cancer

Diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade other tissues.

Chemotherapy

Treatment of cancer using drugs that kill cancerous cells.

Complementary and alternative medicine

Treatments including dietary supplements, herbal preparations, acupuncture, massage, magnet therapy, and meditation.

Malignant

Cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissue and spread to other body parts.

Mammogram

A screening radiograph of the breast used to detect breast cancer.

Melanoma

A form of skin cancer arising in pigment-producing cells (melanocytes).

Metastasis

The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.

Neoplasm

An abnormal mass of tissue from uncontrolled cell division; also called a tumor.

Oncovirus

A virus that is a causative agent of a cancer.

Pap test

A procedure to detect cervical cancer by examining cells removed from the cervix.

Polyp

A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane.

Prostate-specific antigen test

A test measuring PSA levels, which are elevated in prostate cancer or inflammation.

Radiation therapy

The use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

Stage

The extent of a cancer based on tumor size and spread in the body.

Stem cell

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into many different cell types.

Tumor marker

A substance in body fluids or tissues that may signal a specific cancer.

Tamoxifen (US brand name)

Soltamox

Tamoxifen (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution (Soltamox): 10 mg/5 mL; Tablet: 10 mg, 20 mg

Toremifene (US brand name)

Fareston

Toremifene (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 60 mg

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) (Examples)

Tamoxifen and toremifene

elacestrant (US brand name)

Orserdu

elacestrant (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 86 mg, 345 mg

fulvestrant (US brand name)

Faslodex

fulvestrant (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for injection : 50 mg/mL

Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (Examples)

elacestrant and fulvestrant

Aromatase inhibitors (Common ending)

-trozole

anastrozole (US brand name)

Arimidex

anastrozole (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 1 mg

exemestane (US brand name)

Aromasin

exemestane (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 25 mg

letrozole (US brand name)

Femara

letrozole (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 2.5 mg

Aromatase Inhibitors (Examples)

anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole

Taxanes (Common ending)

-taxel

abemaciclib (US brand name)

Verzenio

abemaciclib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg

alpelisib (US brand name)

Piqray, Vijoice

alpelisib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 50 mg, 125 mg (Vijoice), 150 mg (Piqray), 200 mg

everolimus (US brand name)

Afinitor, Afinitor Disperz

everolimus (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet, for suspension (Afinitor Disperz): 2 mg, 3 mg, 5 mg; Tablet (Afinitor): 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg

lapatinib (US brand name)

Tykerb

lapatinib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 250 mg

neratinib (US brand name)

Nerlynx

neratinib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 40 mg

palbociclib (US brand name)

Ibrance

palbociclib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Capsule: 75 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg

ribociclib (US brand name)

Kisqali

ribociclib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 200 mg

letrozole + ribociclib (US brand name)

Kisqali Femara Co-Pak

letrozole + ribociclib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 2.5 mg letrozole + 200 mg ribociclib

Kinase and mTOR Inhibitors (Examples)

abemaciclib, alpelisib, everolimus, lapatinib, neratinib, palbociclib, ribociclib, and letrozole + ribociclib

docetaxel (US brand name)

Taxotere

docetaxel (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for injection: 10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL

paclitaxel (US brand name)

Taxol

paclitaxel (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for injection: 6 mg/mL

paclitaxel albumin-bound particles (US brand name)

Abraxane

paclitaxel albumin-bound particles (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for suspension: 100 mg/vial

Taxanes (Examples)

docetaxel, paclitaxel, and paclitaxel albumin-bound particles

eribulin (US brand name)

Halaven

eribulin (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for injection: 0.5 mg/mL

ixabepilone (US brand name)

Ixempra

ixabepilone (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 15 mg/vial, 45 mg/vial

Microtubule Inhibitors (Examples)

eribulin and ixabepilone

olaparib (US brand name)

Lynparza

olaparib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Tablet: 100 mg, 150 mg

talazoparib (US brand name)

Talzenna

talazoparib (Dosage forms and strengths)

Capsule: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg

Miscellaneous Chemotherapy Agents (Examples)

olaparib and talazoparib

Monoclonal antibody immunotherapeutic agents (Common ending)

-mab

margetuximab-cmkb (US brand name)

Margenza

margetuximab-cmkb (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for intravenous use : 25 mg/mL

pertuzumab (US brand name)

Perjeta

pertuzumab (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for infusion : 420 mg/14 mL

trastuzumab (US brand name)

Herceptin

trastuzumab (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 150 mg/vial, 440 mg/vial

trastuzumab-anns (US brand name)

Kanjinti

trastuzumab-anns (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 150 mg/vial, 420 mg/vial

trastuzumab-dttb (US brand name)

Ontruzant

trastuzumab-dttb (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for infusion: 150 mg/vial, 420 mg/vial

trastuzumab-dkst (US brand name)

Ogivri

trastuzumab-dkst (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 150 mg/vial, 420 mg/vial, 440 mg/vial

trastuzumab-pkrb (US brand name)

Herzuma

trastuzumab-pkrb (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 150 mg/vial, 420 mg/vial

trastuzumab-qyyp (US brand name)

Trazimera

trastuzumab-qyyp (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 150 mg/vial, 420 mg/vial, 440 mg/vial

ado-trastuzumab emtansine (US brand name)

Kadcyla

ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection: 100 mg/vial, 160 mg/vial

fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki (US brand name)

Enhertu

fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for injection : 100 mg/vial

pertuzumab + trastuzumab (US brand name)

Not available (Canadian brand name: Perjeta-Herceptin)

pertuzumab + trastuzumab (Dosage forms and strengths)

Kit: 420 mg/14 mL pertuzumab + 440 mg/vial trastuzumab

trastuzumab + hyaluronidase-oysk (US brand name)

Herceptin Hylecta

trastuzumab + hyaluronidase-oysk (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for subcutaneous injection: 600 mg trastuzumab + 10,000 units hyaluronidase-oysk/5 mL

pertuzumab + trastuzumab + hyaluronidase-zzxf (US brand name)

Phesgo

pertuzumab + trastuzumab + hyaluronidase-zzxf (Dosage forms and strengths)

Solution, for subcutaneous injection: 80 mg pertuzumab + 40 mg trastuzumab + 2000 units hyaluronidase-zzxf/mL; 60 mg pertuzumab + 60 mg trastuzumab + 2000 units hyaluronidase-zzxf/mL

Monoclonal Antibodies (Examples)

margetuximab-cmkb, pertuzumab, trastuzumab, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, and fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki

degarelix (US brand name)

Firmagon

degarelix (Dosage forms and strengths)

Powder, for subcutaneous injection : 80 mg/vial, 120 mg/vial