AP world ap exam prep, all silvers units 1-4

all silvers from units 1 - 4, does not include unit 0 who even needs that?

1. What traditional methods were used by the Song Dynasty to justify their rule?

Confucianism, Imperial bureaucracy

2. What Chinese cultural traditions influenced neighboring regions?

Filial piety, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, Submission from women

3. Which new sects emerged within Buddhism?

Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan

4. What are some examples of Song China’s technological innovations?

Grand Canal expansion, Champa rice, Gunpowder

5. How did Islam spread?

Merchants, Missionaries, Sufis

6. What were some areas of intellectual advancement from the Muslim states?

Field of trigonometry (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi), Literature/poetry (Aishah al-Ba’uniyyah), Medical schools and hospitals

7. What were some cultural transfers from the Muslim states?

Preservation of Greek philosophies, House of Wisdom (Baghdad), Scholarly transfers throughout Spain

8. What were the new Islamic political entities of this period?

Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate

9. What role did religion play in Southeast Asian societies?

Syncretism, Bhakti movement

10. What were the primary state systems in the Americas?

Aztecs, Inca

11. What were the primary state systems in Africa?

Mali Empire, Hausa Kingdom, Great Zimbabwe

12. How was Europe politically fragmented?

Decentralized monarchies, Feudalism, Manorial system, Byzantine “split”

13. What new trading cities emerged due to the expansion of trade along the Silk Road?

Kashgar, Samarkand

14. Due to increased demand for luxury goods on the Silk Road, what was China producing in this period?

Silk and porcelain, Iron and steel

15. What innovations led to the expansion of the Silk Road?

Caravanserai, Forms of credit (Bills of exchange, Banking houses, Paper money)

16. What new trading cities emerged due to the expansion of trade in the Indian Ocean Basin?

Swahili City-States, Gujarat, Sultanate of Malacca

17. What innovations led to the expansion of trade in the Indian Ocean?

Compass, Astrolabe, Larger ship designs, Environmental knowledge of monsoon winds

18. What technologies helped increase Trans-Saharan trade in Africa?

Camel saddles, Caravans

19. What were some environmental diffusions through trade?

Disease (Bubonic plague), Crops (Bananas in Africa, Champa rice in Asia)

20. Who were some travelers who wrote about their journeys?

Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Margery Kempe

21. What caused an expansion of trade networks?

Expansion of empires (Mongol Khanates, Mali)

22. What technological and cultural transfers occurred due to conflicts?

Islamic medical knowledge to Europe, Numbering systems to Europe, Mongol adoption of the Uyghur script in Asia

23. What were some technological innovations that spread due to the expansion of empires?

Gunpowder from China, Paper from China

1. What were some changes to belief systems?

Christianity grew despite the Protestant Reformation, Sikhism developed in Mughal India due to interactions between Muslims and Hindus

2. Who were the major land-based empires?

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal (and Qing and Russia)

3. Which political or religious disputes led to state rivalries?

Ottoman-Safavid rivalry intensified the Sunni-Shi'a split, Safavid-Mughal conflict over Afghanistan, Songhai Empire's conflict with Morocco

4. What were some new forms of bureaucratic elites and military professionals?

Russian Table of Ranks, Ottoman Devshirme, Japanese Samurai

5. What are some examples of religious ideas used to legitimize power?

Ismail’s conversion to Shi’a Islam in the Safavid Empire, Manchu (Qing) rulers adopting Confucianism in China, European belief in the Divine Right of Kings, Mexica practice of human sacrifice, Songhai promotion of Islam

6. What are some examples of art and architecture used to legitimize power?

Qing imperial portraits, Ottoman miniature paintings, Mughal mosques (and the Taj Mahal), European palaces (Versailles and St. Petersburg), Incan sun temple of Cuzco

7. What was used to generate revenue for territorial expansion?

Ming China’s collection of taxes in hard currency, Ottoman tax farming, Mughal Zamindar tax collection

8. Who were the major maritime empires of Europe?

Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British

9. Which Asian powers developed isolationist trade policies to limit effects of European trade?

Ming China, Tokugawa Japan

10. Which African states grew along with the expansion of European maritime trade networks?

Asante Kingdom, Kingdom of Kongo

11. Which Afro-Eurasian merchants continued to flourish despite the European presence in Indian Ocean trade?

Swahili Arabs, Gujaratis, Javanese

12. What maritime technological developments occurred during this period?

New ship designs of the caravel, carrack, and fluyt

13. What did maritime technologies lead to?

Age of Discovery (Trans-Atlantic voyages in search of faster routes to Asia, Rise of Trade Post Empires, Portuguese slave trade in West Africa)

14. What foods from the New World became staple crops in the Old World?

Potatoes and maize

15. What cash crops were grown on plantations with coerced labor in the New World?

Sugar and tobacco

16. What domestic animals were brought over from the Old World?

Horses, pigs, and cattle

17. What foods were brought over to the New World by African slaves?

Okra, rice, and yams

18. What environmental effects did the Columbian Exchange have on the New World?

Spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, and influenza), Demographic changes (population decrease in the New World), Deforestation and soil depletion (due to European agricultural practices)

19. What was the first global currency?

Silver from the New World

20. What new labor systems emerged in the Americas?

Indentured servitude, Chattel slavery, Encomienda system, Spanish adaptation of the Incan mit'a system

21. What were some cases of resistance to state expansion and centralization?

New World: Pueblo Revolts, Chief Metacom’s War; Old World: Fronde, Cossack Rebellion, Mughal-Maratha Conflict, Ana Nzinga's Resistance

22. What are some examples of existing elites that continued during this period?

European nobility, Japanese daimyo, Russian boyars, Ottoman janissaries, Mughal zamindars

23. What are some examples of differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups by states?

Expulsion of Jews from Spain, Acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Women’s status varied within the Ottoman Empire, Qing restrictive policies against the Han Chinese, Spain’s creation of the Casta System (Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Zambos, Natives, Africans)

1. Philosophers developed new political ideas during the Enlightenment, including:

Natural rights, Social Contract, Derivation of political power

2. What reform movements were influenced by Enlightenment ideals?

Abolition, Feminism & Women’s suffrage, Reform of serfdom

3. What were some examples of calls for national unification or liberation?

German and Italian unification, Ottomanism, Balkan nationalism, New Zealand wars against the British, Writings of Lola Rodriguez de Tió in Puerto Rico

4. What revolutionary documents are examples of Enlightenment thought?

Declaration of Independence (America), Rights of Man (France), Letter from Jamaica (Gran Colombia)

5. What naturally-occurring factors allowed for the takeoff of industrialization?

Proximity and access to waterways, Increased agricultural productivity allowing for urbanization, Natural resources such as coal, iron, and timber, Accumulation of capital by the middle class, Legal protection of private property

6. What characterized the 1st Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s?

Textile factories and the use of waterpower and steam power, Using fossil fuels for energy

7. What were the major advancements in transportation and communication?

Railroads, steamships, and telegraphs

8. What characterized the 2nd Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s?

Steel mills and oil refineries, Assembly lines with the use of heavy machinery, Internal combustion engine, Electrical grids

9. What new financial institutions were developed due to the changes in trade and production?

Rise of capitalism (Limited liability corporations, Stock markets)

10. Various responses to the rise of industrialization included:

Resistance by the elites of Qing China and Ottoman Empire, Labor unions to improve working conditions, Urban reforms to compensate for negative effects of capitalism, Alternative visions of industrial societies (socialism and communism)

11. What were some major social changes caused by Industrialization?

New social classes: the middle class and industrial working class, Urbanization led to increased pollution, poverty, crime, housing shortages, and unsanitary conditions

12. What are some examples of state-sponsored industrialization?

Reforms in Meiji Japan, Alexander’s development of factories and railroads in Russia

13. Due to increased industrialization in Europe and the US, where did manufacturing decline?

Shipbuilding and iron works in India, Textile production in India and Egypt

14. What were some economic changes or continuities caused by Industrialization?

Cult of domesticity and limited rights tied women to the home, Increased variety, affordability, and availability of consumer goods, Higher standards of living

15. What were some major political changes or continuities caused by the Enlightenment?

Establishment of new nation-states after intense rebellions and revolutions

16. How did state power shift in various parts of the world?

Increased influence of the British, French, Americans, and Japanese, Decreased influence of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Chinese

17. What cultural and racial ideologies were used as a justification for imperialism?

Nationalism, Social Darwinism, “civilizing” missions, and religious conversions through missionaries

18. What were some examples of economic imperialism?

Britain expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars, British firms supporting the construction of the Port of Buenos Aires, American influence in Japan and South America

19. What were some examples of anticolonial movements?

Tupac Amaru II’s rebellion against the Spanish in Cusco (Peru), Samory Touré’s resistance against the French in the Wassoulou Empire (Guinea), Yaa Asantewaa’s resistance against the British in the Ashanti Empire (Ghana), Sepoy mutiny against the British in India

20. What were some examples of new states formed from direct resistance?

Greece, Serbia, and Romania in SE Europe (the Balkans), Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa (Nigeria & Cameroon), Zulu Kingdom Southern Africa

21. What were some examples of religious rebellions?

Ghost Dance in the US, Xhosa Cattle-Killing movement in South Africa, Mahdist wars in Sudan

22. How did environmental factors contribute to the development of a global economy?

Population growth and the need for food led to the growth of export economies

23. What were some reasons for migration?

Search of work, Transportation allowed for returning home periodically

24. What were some effects of large-scale migrations?

Migrants tended to be male → women take on new roles, Formation of ethnic enclaves and development of racial prejudices and policies (Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia Policy)

1. What were the underlying causes of WWI?

Regional military conflicts, Flawed alliance system, Imperial expansion, Widespread nationalism

2. With the onset of the global depression, how did governments take more active roles in their economies?

FDR’s New Deal, Stalin’s Five Year Plans, Fascist corporatist economies, Populist government in Mexico

3. What land-based empires collapsed during this time period?

Ottoman Empire, Qing Dynasty, Russian Empire

4. What were the major causes of WWII?

Rise of totalitarianism in Central Europe, Treaty of Versailles from WWI, German desire for lebensraum, Economic depression

5. What cases of genocide and ethnic cleansing took place with the rise of extremist groups?

Holocaust, Holodomor, Cambodians under the Khmer Rouge, Armenians in Turkey, Tutsis in Rwanda

6. What shift in global power occurred after WWII?

Balance of two superpowers: United States vs. Soviet Union, Non-aligned movement in Indonesia and Ghana

7. What major alliances were formed, leading to smaller conflicts as part of the greater Cold War?

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact, Proxy Wars: Korea, Vietnam, Angola, Nicaragua

8. What occurred in China as a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression?

Communist Revolution, Great Leap Forward

9. Which political leaders or movements sought to redistribute land and resources in Asia, Africa, and South America?

Communist Revolution (Vietnam), White Revolution (Iran), Mariam (Ethiopia), Governments of Brazil and Mexico

10. As colonial boundaries were redrawn after WWII, what population displacements and resettlements occurred?

Division of the Middle East into Mandates, Two-state solution of Israel and Palestine, Partition of India

11. Which political leaders or parties in Asia and Africa sought independence from imperial powers?

Indian National Congress (India), Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam), Kwame Nkrumah in Gold Coast (Ghana), Gamal Nasser (Egypt)

12. What are some examples of colonies negotiating for independence after WWII?

India & Ghana (from Britain), Mali & Guinea (from France)

13. What are some examples of colonies gaining independence through armed conflict after WWII?

• Kenya (from Britain) - Algeria and Vietnam (from France) - Angola (from Portugal)

14. What religious and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and imperial boundaries?

• Quebecois separatist movement (Canada) - Biafra secessionist movements (Nigeria) - Muslim League (India)

15. What are some examples of new nations after WWII having strong government involvement in their economies?

• Gamal Nasser’s promotion of economic development (Egypt) - Indira Gandhi’s economic policies (India)

16. What are some examples of migrations of former colonial subjects to metropoles?

• Indians to Great Britain - Algerians to France

17. What led to the end of the Cold War?

• U.S. military and technological developments - Soviet Union’s failed war in Afghanistan - Soviet Union’s collapse due to economic struggles and public discontent

18. What were some environmental movements during this period?

• Greenpeace - Green Belt Movement (Kenya)

19. Who are some government leaders that advocated free market economic policies and liberalization?

• Ronald Reagan (“Reaganomics” in USA) - Margaret Thatcher (Britain) - Deng Xiaoping (China)

20. Who were examples of leaders that promoted nonviolence as a way to bring about political change?

• Mohandas Gandhi (India) - Martin Luther King Jr. (USA) - Nelson Mandela (South Africa)

21. What were some challenges to assumptions about race, gender, and religion?

• UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights sought to protect children, women, and refugees - Global feminist movement - Negritude movement - Liberation theology

22. What were some examples of increased access to education and political and professional roles?

• Right to vote and hold public office for women (globally) - Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 (USA) - End of Apartheid (South Africa) - Caste reservation (India)

23. What were some examples of movements of violence against civilians to achieve political aims?

• Al-Qaeda (Afghanistan) - Shining Path (Peru)