Neurological system

Frontal lobe

Controls voluntary movement, reasoning,

problem-solving, planning, behavior,

emotions, and speech (Broca

’

s area)

Think “forehead” for deep thought and Decision making

Parietal lobe

Processes sensory input (touch,

temperature, pain, pressure); helps with

spatial orientation; interprets language

Occipital lobe

Responsible for vision and visual processing

Temporal lobe

Handles hearing, memory, and language

comprehension (Wernickes area)

Think “tempo” for hearing and rhythm

Brainstem

Connects brain to spinal cord;

controls basic life functions

(breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

Midbrain

Relay center for visual and auditory

information; involved in motor control,

alertness, sleep/wake cycle

Think “MID”

- Movement, Involved in

sleep/wake, Detection of auditory/visua

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement, balance, and

posture; fine-tunes voluntary actions

Pons

Relays messages between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Vital autonomic functions breathing heart rate blood pressure and swallowing

Amygdala

Processeces emotions such as fear aggression and pleasure key role in fight or flight response

Basal

A group of nuclei that help regulate voluntary

motor movements, posture, and habits.

They smooth and coordinate movement.

Hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis (temperature, hunger,

thirst, circadian rhythms). Controls the autonomic

nervous system and links the nervous system to

the endocrine system via the pituitary

Pituitary gland

The

“master gland” of the endocrine system.

Releases hormones that regulate growth,

reproduction, metabolism, and other glands.

Hippocampus

Essential for forming and storing new long term memories and spatial navigation

Fornix

Bundle of nerve fibers that connects the hippocampus to other brain regions it supports memory formation and recall

Thalamus

Relay station for sensory information (except

smell). Directs incoming signals to

appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.

Left hemisphere

Controls the right side of the body specializes in logic language Marty analytical thinking and speech

Right hemisphere

Controls the left side of the body specializes in creativity spatial awareness intuition art and music recognition

Corpus callosum

A large band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres allowing communication between them

Neuron structure

Dendrites receive signals

Cell body soma processes information

Axon transmits signals away

Synapse junction between neurons

Myelin sheath

Insulates axon speeds up impulse conduction

Gray matter

Made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and

unmyelinated axons. It processes and integrates

information (thinking, memory, decision-making).

White Matter

Made of myelinated axons, which speed up signal

transmission between brain regions and between the brain and spinal cord

Afferent neurons

Sensory neurons input straight to our CNS

Afferent= Admission

After touching a hot stove Afferent sensory neurons signal brain that something is hot

Efferent

Motor neurons out[ut away from the CNS

Efferent = Exit

Once the brain processes the information efferent motor neurons tell the muscles to pull away

Neurotransmitters DOPAMINE

Involved in rewards and pleasure pathways ,privation and reinforcement of behavior. Regulates movement and coordination

Imbalances are linked to disorders of Parkinson’s disease low dopamine schizophrenia high dopamine

Serotonin

Role in mode regulation sleep cycles and appetite

Adequate serotonin contributes to feelings of well being and calm

Low levels are associated with depression and anxiety

Acetocholyine

Critical for muscle contraction and neuromuscular junctions it also function in the parasympathetic rest and digest

Norepinephrine

Acts as both a neurotransmitter and

hormone. It increases alertness, arousal,

and attention, and in the sympathetic

nervous system (“fight or flight”), it raises

heart rate and blood pressure while

redirecting blood to muscles.

Central Nervous System

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Main control center for the body, where sensory

information is received, & motor control is initiated.

Peripheral Nervous System

The PNS includes all the nerves outside the brain and

spinal cord.

Connects the CNS to the rest of the body, allowing

communication between the brain and the external

and internal environments.

Divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous

systems

Somatic Nervous System

Control voluntary action sensory body movement

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nerves rest and digest

Conserves energy & restores body to a calm state Decreased HR, BP,

constricting pupils, & stimulates digestion

Sympathetic Nerves "Fight or Flight" Burst of Energy to respond to

danger

Increased HR, BP, dilating

pupils, & slow digestion