IPS1 -Medicinal Biochemistry p3

Proverbs 16:3

1. A five carbon sugar

2. A base that has a nitrogen (N) atom

3. An ion of phosphoric acid

Three Parts of Nucleotide

• Adenine

• Guanine 

• Cytosine

• Thymine 

• Uracil

FIVE (5) NUCLEOTIDES

• Adenine

• if It is H(deoxyribose)

• If it is OH (ribose)

[IDENTIFY THE PARTS]

• Adenine

• Guanine 

Purine Bases [2]

Adenine

[IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF 5 NUCLEOTIDE]

Guanine

[IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF 5 NUCLEOTIDE]

Uracil

[IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF 5 NUCLEOTIDE]

Cytosine

[IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF 5 NUCLEOTIDE]

Thymine

[IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF 5 NUCLEOTIDE]

Purine

[TYPE OF BASE]

• The structure consists of a 5-membered ring + 6-membered ring.

Pyrimidine

[TYPE OF BASE]

• The structure consists of a 6-membered ring

• Cytosine

• Thymine

Pyrimidine Bases [2]

DNA

[DNA vs. RNA]

• 4 nitrogenous base A, T, C, G

RNA

[DNA vs. RNA]

• 4 nucleotides base A, U, C, G

DNA

[DNA vs. RNA]

• Deoxyribose (sugar) + Phosphate group

RNA

[DNA vs. RNA]

• Ribose (sugar) + Phosphate group

Proteins

____ - are made from combinations of 20 amino acids

polypeptide

Protein chains are called _____ ?

Protein

____- is a large molecule (macromolecule) with 4 level of structure

Primary

[PROTEIN LEVEL OF STRUCTURE]

_____- sequence of amino acids

Secondary

[PROTEIN LEVEL OF STRUCTURE]

_____- folding into shapes (like helices, sheets)

Tertiary

[PROTEIN LEVEL OF STRUCTURE]

_____- 3D shape of one chain

Quaternary

[PROTEIN LEVEL OF STRUCTURE]

_____- Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits).

Health

According to WHO

____-  is a state of “complete physical, mental and social well-being” and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (physical or mental weakness)

Health

____- is a situation in which all thousands of intra- and extracellular reactions that occur in the body are proceeding at rates commensurate ( in proportion) with the organism’s survival in the physiologic state.

Health

_____- requires not only knowledge of biologic principles but also of physiologic & social principles

• Maintenance of good health

• optimal dietary intake

• vitamins

• amino acids

• fatty acids

• minerals

• water

Biochemical Research Impact on Nutrition & Preventive Medicine [7]

• Physical agent

• Chemical agent

• Biologic agent

• Oxygen lack

• Genetic disorders

• Immunologic reactions

• Nutritional inbalances

• Endocrine imbalances

MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE [8]

• mechanical trauma

• extreme temperature

• sudden changes in atmospheric pressure

• radiation & electric shock

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• PHYSICAL AGENTS [4]

• drugs

• toxic compounds

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• CHEMICAL AGENTS [2]

• viruses

• bacteria

• fungi

• higher forms of parasites

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• BIOLOGICAL AGENTS [4]

• loss of blood supply

• depletion of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

• poisoning of the oxidative enzyme

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• OXYGEN LACK [3]

• Inherited from birth

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• GENETIC DISORDERS [1] 

• Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) 

• Autoimmune diseases (body attacks itself)

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS [2]

Too little or too much of nutrients

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES/PROBLEM [1]

• Too little or too much hormone production

[MAJOR CAUSES OF DISEASE]

• ENDOCRINE IMBALANCES/PROBLEM [1]

True

[T/F] Cystic fibrosis is caused by a genetic defect.

Cystic fibrosis

This disease causes the body to produce mucus that is thick, dry, and sticky.

phenylalanine

Diet low in ______ for treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

_____- is a genetic disorder inherited from both parents.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

_____- is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH).

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

It occurs when the body lacks the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase( PAH) which is needed to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine. 

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH)

In Phenylketonuria (PKU) 

_____- is the enzyme necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine

phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

In Phenylketonuria (PKU) 

• Without this enzyme, phenylalanine builds up in the body and can cause brain damage

brain damage

In Phenylketonuria (PKU) 

• Without this enzyme, phenylalanine builds up in the body and can cause_____ damage

Avoid foods high in phenylalanine, such as meat, dairy, and nuts

What is the treatment for Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A. High-protein diet including meat, dairy, and nuts
B. Avoid foods high in phenylalanine, such as meat, dairy, and nuts
C. High-phenylalanine supplements
D. No dietary restrictions needed

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FROM TYROSINE]

• Phenylalanine is converted into Tyrosine by the enzyme_____ ? 

Tyrosine Hydroxylase.

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FROM TYROSINE]

• Tyrosine is changed into Dopa by the enzyme ______

Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FROM TYROSINE]

• Dopa is changed into Dopamine by the enzyme______

Dopamine β-hydroxylase.

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FROM TYROSINE]

• Dopamine is changed into Noradrenaline (also called Norepinephrine) by the enzyme_____

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS FROM TYROSINE]

• Finally, Noradrenaline is changed into Adrenaline (also called Epinephrine) by the enzyme______

Norepinephrine

Noradrenaline is aka ____ ?

Epinephrine

Adrenaline is aka ____

Tryptophan Hydroxylase.

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER SEROTONIN] 

• Tryptophan is changed into 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by the enzyme _____

Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase.

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER SEROTONIN] 

• 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is changed into Serotonin (5-HT) by the enzyme _____

Histidine Decarboxylase.

[BIOSYNTHESIS OF HSITAMINE] 

• Histidine is changed into Histamine by the enzyme ______? 

Adrenaline. 

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter that is converted into _____ ?

catecholamine  

Noradrenaline, Adrenaline and Dopamine are part of a group called ____ which work as a neurotransmitter 

Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)

The use of the enzyme______ in blood tests to diagnose a heart attack

Myocardial infarction

______- is a heart attack, happens when part of the heart muscle dies.

Myocardial infarction

This usually happens because a main heart artery is completely blocked.

myocardium

Heart muscle is aka ____ ?

heart attack (mycoardial infarction)

_________- happens when fatty buildup (atherosclerotic plaque) in a heart artery grows slowly and then suddenly breaks open. This blocks the artery completely and stops blood from reaching the heart muscle.

Measuring thyroxin or TSH levels in newborns.

_____- is use in neonatal diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism

Measuring thyroxin or TSH levels in newborns.

The test is done to detect congenital hypothyroidism.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT)

____- is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth

Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT)

_____- is a condition which baby is born with low thyroid hormone

• Hyperthyroidism

• Hypothyroidism 

[Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidsim]

• _______= increase metabolism

• _______= decrease metabolism

• Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)

• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Use of the enzyme_______ [2]  in blood tests  to monitor  infectious hepatitis.

infectious jaundice

Hepatitis A is also called as  ____ ? 

Hepatitis A

______- is caused by a virus called  picornavirus.

Hepatitis A

_____- is transmitted by the orofecal route, such as through contaminated food.

orofecal route

Hepatitis A is transmitted by the _____ route , meaning people get infected by eating or drinking things contaminated with feces, like dirty food or water.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Measurement of blood ______ levels in the blood of colon cancer patients after surgery.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) measurement

____- is a marker that helps detect if the cancer comes back.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

_____ - is a protein that helps cells stick together.

• fetal growth (baby growing in the womb)

• birth

• The body makes Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) during _____, but it stops being made before ______

True

[T/F] Healthy adults usually do not have Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) in their blood.

True

[T/F] Heavy smokers may have higher Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) levels

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

_____-

• is normally produced during fetal development, but production stops before birth

• Not usually present in the blood of healthy adults

• Raised levels can be found in heavy smokers

True

[T/F]

• Treatment of colon cancer depends on the stage or extent , of disease.

Biochemical Thermodynamics

Bioenergetics is aka ____ ?

Bioenergetics (Biochemical Thermodynamics)

[TERMS]

_____- is the study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reactions.

Isothermic

[TERMS]

____- uses chemical energy to power living processes (normal nutrition & metabolism)

Starvation

[TERMS]

Not enough energy in the body causing malnutrition and energy imbalance.

marasmus

[TERMS]

Severe lack of all nutrients (protein, carbs, fats)

Kwashiorkor

[TERMS]

Severe lack of protein, even if calories are enough

Thyroid Hormone

[Type of Hormone]

_____- control the rate of energy release (metabolic rate) and disease results when they malfunction

Thyroid Hormone

[Type of Hormone]

• Control how fast the body uses energy (metabolic rate).

• Problems happen if these hormones don’t work right.

Metabolic rate

[TERMS]

_____- is the rate of energy release

Obesity

[TERMS]

When the body stores too much extra energy as fat.

NAD & NADP+

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

• These are coenzymes made from the vitamin niacin.

NAD & NADP+

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

• They have a crucial role in oxidoreduction reactions.

NAD & NADP+

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

• They are essential electron carriers in processes like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the respiratory chain.

Cytochrome Oxidase

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

____-

• This is a hemoprotein found in the respiratory chain inside mitochondria.

• It transfers electrons from a substrate to oxygen.

Cytochrome Oxidase

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

______-

• This is the final step in cellular respiration

• Is crucial for ATP production

Oxygenase

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

_____-

• This is a class of enzymes.

• They catalyze reactions where oxygen is incorporated into a substrate.

Oxygenase

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

• The process has two steps:

  • first, oxygen binds to the enzyme's active site, and then

  • it is reduced or transferred to the substance

Cytochrome P450

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

____-

• This is a subgroup of monooxygenase enzymes.

• They are important for detoxification and are found in tissues like the adrenal cortex, testes, and liver.

Cytochrome P450

[SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS] 

• They are involved in making steroid hormones from cholesterol and in the metabolism of vitamin D.