Lesson 2: Body Structures and Organ Systems

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, playing roles in absorption and secretion

connective tissue

supports, protects, and binds organs

muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

nervous tissue

composes the brain, spinal cord, and serves

epithelial gland types

endocrine gland, exocrine gland, sweet gland

types of epithelial tissue

single layer epithelium, multi-layer epithelium, and glandular epithelium

types of connective tissue

loose connective, fibrous connective, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

homeostasis

body's maintenance of internal balance

components of negative feedback loops

- sensor (measures level)

- control center (compares sensor with set point)

- effector (changes activity to alter the level)

inferior (caudal)

below or toward the feet

anterior (ventral)

front side of the body

posterior (dorsal)

towards the back

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

superficial (external)

closer to or on the surface

deep (internal)

closer to the body's core

central

located towards the center

peripheral

located away from the center

ipsilateral

same side

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides the body into front and back sections

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior

plantar flexion

pointing foot

dorsiflexion

flexing the foot upward

flexion

decreasing the angle of a joint

extension

increasing the angle of a joint

hyperextension

extending beyond the normal range of motion

abduction

moving limb away from midline

adduction

bringing a limb to the body's midline

rotation

twisting around an axis

circumduction

circular motion combining several movements

pronation

palm or sole faces downward

supination

palm or sole faces upward

inversion

turning sole of foot inward

eversion

turning sole of foot outward

retraction

moving a part backward

protraction

moving a part forward

prone position

body is faced down

supine position

body is faced up

mediastinum

houses the heart, between the sternum and the vertebral column

somatic nervous system

conscious control of body movements